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江蘇丹陽高級中學(xué)2008―2009學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期高二期中考試

               地理試卷              5.8

試題詳情

金屬單質(zhì)及其化合物

考點(diǎn)聚焦

 

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              金屬單質(zhì)及其化合物

                                         2、鎂及其化合物                               

                                         3、鋁及其化合物                                   

                                         4、鐵、銅及其化合物

              知識梳理

                                                   

              一、鈉及其化合物                             

              1、鈉

              (1)鈉的物理性質(zhì):鈉是銀白色金屬,密度。0.97g/cm3),熔點(diǎn)低(97℃),硬度小,質(zhì)軟,可用刀切割。鈉通常保存在煤油中。是電和熱的良導(dǎo)體。

              (2)鈉的化學(xué)性質(zhì):從原子結(jié)構(gòu)可知鈉是活潑的金屬單質(zhì)。

              ①鈉與非金屬單質(zhì)反應(yīng):常溫:4Na + O2 == 2Na2O,加熱:2Na + O2 Na2O2;

              2Na + Cl2  2NaCl; 2Na + S  Na2S等。

              ②鈉與水反應(yīng):2Na + 2H2O == 2NaOH + H2↑;實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象:鈉浮在水面上,熔成小球,

              在水面上游動,有哧哧的聲音,最后消失,在反應(yīng)后的溶液中滴加酚酞,溶液變紅。                                                                      

              注意:鈉在空氣中的變化:銀白色的鈉變暗(生成了氧化鈉)變白(生成氫氧化鈉)潮解變成白色固體(生成碳酸鈉)。

              ③鈉與酸反應(yīng):如2Na + 2HCl == 2NaCl + H2↑,Na放入稀鹽酸中,是先與酸反應(yīng),酸不足再與水反應(yīng)。因此Na放入到酸溶液中Na是不可能過量的。同時Na與H2的物質(zhì)的量比始終是2:1。當(dāng)然反應(yīng)要比鈉與水的反應(yīng)劇烈多。

              ④鈉與鹽的溶液反應(yīng):鈉不能置換出溶液中的金屬,鈉是直接與水反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)后的堿再與溶液中的其他物質(zhì)反應(yīng)。如鈉投入到硫酸銅溶液的反應(yīng)式:2Na + CuSO4 + 2H2O == Cu(OH)2 ↓+ Na2SO4 + H2 ↑。                                                    

              ⑤鈉與氫氣的反應(yīng):2Na + H2 == 2NaH。NaH + H2O == NaOH + H2 ↑;NaH是強(qiáng)的還原劑。

              (3)工業(yè)制鈉:電解熔融的NaCl,2NaCl(熔融)  2Na + Cl2↑。

              (4)鈉的用途:①在熔融的條件下鈉可以制取一些金屬,如鈦、鋯、鈮、鉭等;

              ②鈉鉀合金是快中子反應(yīng)堆的熱交換劑;

              ③鈉蒸氣可作高壓鈉燈,發(fā)出黃光,射程遠(yuǎn),透霧能力強(qiáng)。

               

              2、氧化鈉和過氧化鈉

              (1)Na2O:白色固體,是堿性氧化物,具有堿性氧化物的通性:Na2O + H2O == 2NaOH,

              Na2O + CO2 == Na2CO3,Na2O + 2HCl == 2NaCl + H2O .另外:加熱時,2Na2O + O2 == 2Na2O2.                                        

              (2)Na2O2:淡黃色固體是復(fù)雜氧化物,易與水、二氧化碳反應(yīng)放出氧氣。

              2Na2O2 + 2H2O == 4NaOH + O2 ↑,2Na2O2 + 2CO2 == 2Na2CO3 + O2 ↑(作供氧劑)。

              因此Na2O2常做生氧劑,同時,Na2O2還具有強(qiáng)氧化性,有漂白作用。如實(shí)驗(yàn):Na2O2和水反應(yīng)后的溶液中滴加酚酞,變紅后又褪色,實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明是有:Na2O2 + H2O == 2NaOH + H2O2,2H2O2 == 2H2O + O2 反應(yīng)發(fā)生。因?yàn)镠2O2也具有漂白作用。當(dāng)然過氧化鈉也可以直接漂白的。                                              

               

              3、碳酸鈉和碳酸氫鈉                                                      

              性質(zhì)

              Na2CO3(Na2CO3?10H2O)

              NaHCO3

              性質(zhì)比較

              俗稱

              純堿或蘇打

              小蘇打

              NaHCO3的顆粒比Na2CO3

              水溶性

              易溶于水

              易溶于水

              S(Na2CO3)>S(NaHCO3)

              溶液酸堿性

              顯堿性

              顯堿性

              同濃度Na2CO3溶液的pH大于NaHCO3溶液的pH

              熱穩(wěn)定性

              穩(wěn)定

              受熱分解生成Na2CO3、H2O、CO2

              NaHCO3的熱穩(wěn)定性比Na2CO3差,用于除雜質(zhì)。

              與酸反應(yīng)

              能與強(qiáng)酸反應(yīng)

              能與強(qiáng)酸反應(yīng)

              等物質(zhì)的量時Na2CO3耗酸量大于NaHCO3

              溶液中相互轉(zhuǎn)化

              Na2CO3溶液能吸收CO2轉(zhuǎn)化為NaHCO3

              Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 == 2 NaHCO3

              除CO2中的HCl雜質(zhì)是用飽和的NaHCO3溶液,而不用Na2CO3溶液

              用途

              用在玻璃、肥皂、合成洗滌劑、造紙、紡織、石油、冶金等工業(yè)中。

              發(fā)酵粉的主要成分之一;制胃酸過多等。

               

              注意幾個實(shí)驗(yàn)的問題:

              1、向飽和的Na2CO3溶液中通足量的CO2有晶體NaHCO3析出。

              2、Na2CO3溶液與稀HCl的反應(yīng)①向Na2CO3溶液中滴加稀HCl,先無氣體,后有氣體,如果n(HCl)小于n(Na2CO3)時反應(yīng)無氣體放出。發(fā)生的反應(yīng):先①Na2CO3 + HCl == NaCl + NaHCO3,后②NaHCO3 + HCl == NaCl + H2O +CO2 .

              ②向稀HCl中滴加Na2CO3溶液,先有氣體,反應(yīng)是:Na2CO3 + 2HCl == 2NaCl + H2O + CO2.

              如果用2mol的Na2CO3和2.4mol的稀HCl反應(yīng),采用①方法放出CO2是0.4mol;采用②方法放出CO2為1.2mol。希望同學(xué)們在解題時要留意。

              3、Na2CO3溶液和NaHCO3溶液的鑒別:取兩種試液少量,分別滴加CaCl2或BaCl2溶液,有白色沉淀的原取溶液為Na2CO3,另一無明顯現(xiàn)象的原取溶液為NaHCO3

              4、侯氏制堿法

              反應(yīng)式:NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O == NaHCO3 ↓+ NH4Cl.

              注意:在生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)先在飽和的NaCl溶液中先通入NH3,后通入CO2,NaHCO3晶體析出過濾,在濾液中加入NaCl細(xì)末和通NH3析出NH4Cl晶體為副產(chǎn)品。NH4Cl晶體析出后的母液進(jìn)行循環(huán)試用,提高原料的利用率。

               

              二、鎂及其化合物

              1、鎂的性質(zhì)

              (1)物理性質(zhì):鎂是銀白色金屬,質(zhì)較軟,密度1.74g/cm3,是輕金屬,硬度小。

              (2)化學(xué)性質(zhì):鎂是較活潑金屬

              ①與非金屬反應(yīng):2Mg + O2 == 2MgO,Mg + Cl2  MgCl2,3Mg + N2  Mg3N2等。

              ②與沸水反應(yīng):Mg + 2H2O(沸水)== Mg(OH)2 + H2 ↑.

              ③與酸反應(yīng):與非強(qiáng)氧化性酸反應(yīng):是酸中的H+與Mg反應(yīng),有H2放出。

              與強(qiáng)氧化性酸反應(yīng):如濃H2SO4、HNO3,反應(yīng)比較復(fù)雜,但是沒有H2放出。

              ④與某些鹽溶液反應(yīng):如CuSO4溶液、FeCl2溶液、FeCl3溶液等。

              Mg + 2FeCl3 == 2FeCl2 + MgCl2,   Mg + FeCl2 == Fe + MgCl2.

               

              2、鎂的提取:海水中含有大量的MgCl2,因此,工業(yè)上主要是從分離了NaCl的海水中來提取MgCl2.

              流程:海水中加入CaO或Ca(OH)2Mg(OH)2沉淀、過濾、洗滌沉淀,用稀HCl溶解MgCl2溶液,蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶MgCl2?6H2O晶體,在HCl氣體環(huán)境中加熱MgCl2固體,電解熔融的MgCl2Mg + Cl2 ↑。

              主要反應(yīng):MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 == Mg(OH)2↓+ CaCl2,  Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl == MgCl2 + 2H2O,     MgCl2?6H2O  MgCl2 + 6H2O ,  MgCl2(熔融)  Mg + Cl2↑。

              3、鎂的用途:鎂主要是廣泛用于制造合金。制造的合金硬度和強(qiáng)度都較大。因此鎂合金被大量用火箭、導(dǎo)彈、飛機(jī)等制造業(yè)中。

               

              4、氧化鎂(MgO):白色固體,熔點(diǎn)高(2800℃),是優(yōu)質(zhì)的耐高溫材料(耐火材料)。是堿性氧化物。

              MgO + H2O == Mg(OH)2,   MgO + 2HCl == MgCl2 + H2O 。

              注意以下幾種情況的離子方程式的書寫:

              (1)n(Mg(HCO3)2):n(NaOH)=1:4:Mg2+ + 2HCO3- + 4OH- == Mg(OH)2↓+ 2CO32- + 2H2O;

              (2)n(Mg(HCO3)2):n(NaOH)=1:2:Mg2+ + 2HCO3- + 2OH- == MgCO3↓+ CO32- + 2H2O;

              (3)n(Mg(HCO3)2):N(NaOH)=1:1: Mg2+ + HCO3- + OH- == MgCO3↓+H2O 。

               

              三、鋁及其化合物

              1、鋁的性質(zhì):

              (1)物理性質(zhì):銀白色金屬,質(zhì)較軟,但比鎂要硬,熔點(diǎn)比鎂高。有良好的導(dǎo)電、導(dǎo)熱性和延展性。

              (2)化學(xué)性質(zhì):鋁是較活潑的金屬。

              ①通常與氧氣易反應(yīng),生成致密的氧化物起保護(hù)作用。4Al + 3O2 == 2Al2O3。同時也容易與Cl2、S等非金屬單質(zhì)反應(yīng)。

              ②與酸反應(yīng):強(qiáng)氧化性酸,如濃硫酸和濃硝酸在常溫下,使鋁發(fā)生鈍化現(xiàn)象;加熱時,能反應(yīng),但無氫氣放出;非強(qiáng)氧化性酸反應(yīng)時放出氫氣。

              ③與強(qiáng)堿溶液反應(yīng):2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O == 2NaAlO2 + 3H2↑。

              ④與某些鹽溶液反應(yīng):如能置換出CuSO4、AgNO3等溶液中的金屬。

              ⑤鋁熱反應(yīng):2Al + Fe2O3  Al2O3 + 2Fe。該反應(yīng)放熱大,能使置換出的鐵成液態(tài),適用性強(qiáng)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中演示時要加入引燃劑,如濃硫酸和蔗糖或鎂條和氯酸鉀等。

               

              2、氧化鋁(Al2O3):白色固體,熔點(diǎn)高(2054℃),沸點(diǎn)2980℃,常作為耐火材料;是兩性氧化物。我們常見到的寶石的主要成分是氧化鋁。有各種不同顏色的原因是在寶石中含有一些金屬氧化物的表現(xiàn)。如紅寶石因含有少量的鉻元素而顯紅色,藍(lán)寶石因含有少量的鐵和鈦元素而顯藍(lán)色。工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的礦石剛玉主要成分是α-氧化鋁,硬度僅次于金剛石,用途廣泛。

              兩性氧化物:既能與強(qiáng)酸反應(yīng)又能與強(qiáng)堿反應(yīng)生成鹽和水的氧化物。

              Al2O3 + 6HCl == 2AlCl3 + 3H2O ,Al2O3 + 2NaOH == 2NaAlO2 + H2O 。

              Al2O3是工業(yè)冶煉鋁的原料,由于氧化鋁的熔點(diǎn)高,電解時,難熔化,因此鋁的冶煉直到1886年美國科學(xué)家霍爾發(fā)現(xiàn)在氧化鋁中加入冰晶石(Na3AlF6),使氧化鋁的熔點(diǎn)降至1000度左右,鋁的冶煉才快速發(fā)展起來,鋁及其合金才被廣泛的應(yīng)用。2Al2O3  4Al + 3O2↑。

               

              3、氫氧化鋁(Al(OH)3):白色難溶于水的膠狀沉淀,是兩性氫氧化物。熱易分解。

              兩性氫氧化物:既能與強(qiáng)酸又能與強(qiáng)堿反應(yīng)生成鹽和水的氫氧化物。

              Al(OH)3 + 3HCl == AlCl3 + 3H2O,  Al(OH)3 + NaOH == NaAlO2 + 2H2O.2Al(OH)3  Al2O3 +3 H2O

               

              4、鋁的冶煉:鋁是地殼中含量最多的金屬元素,自然界中主要是以氧化鋁的形式存在。工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的流程:鋁土礦(主要成分是氧化鋁)用氫氧化鈉溶解過濾向?yàn)V液中通入二氧化碳酸化,過濾氫氧化鋁氧化鋁 鋁。

              主要反應(yīng):Al2O3 + 2NaOH == 2NaAlO2 + H2O ,CO2 + 3H2O + 2NaAlO2 == 2Al(OH)3↓+ Na2CO3 ,2Al(OH)3  Al2O3 +3 H2O ,2Al2O3  4Al + 3O2↑。

              5、鋁的用途:鋁有良好的導(dǎo)電、導(dǎo)熱性和延展性,主要用于導(dǎo)線、炊具等,鋁的最大用途是制合金,鋁合金強(qiáng)度高,密度小,易成型,有較好的耐腐蝕性。迅速風(fēng)靡建筑業(yè)。也是飛機(jī)制造業(yè)的主要原料。

               

              6、明礬的凈水:化學(xué)式:KAl(SO4)2?12H2O,它在水中能電離:KAl(SO4)2 == K+ + Al3+ + 2SO42-。鋁離子與水反應(yīng),生成氫氧化鋁膠體,具有很強(qiáng)的吸附能力,吸附水中的懸浮物,使之沉降已達(dá)凈水目的。Al3+ + 3H2O == Al(OH)3 (膠體)+ 3H+

              知識整理:

              ①(Al(OH)3)的制備:在氯化鋁溶液中加足量氨水。AlCl3 + 3NH3?H2O == Al(OH)3↓+ 3NH4Cl 。

              ②實(shí)驗(yàn):A、向氯化鋁溶液中滴加氫氧化鈉溶液,現(xiàn)象是先有沉淀,后溶解。

              反應(yīng)式:先Al3+ + 3OH- == Al(OH)3↓, 后Al3+ + 4OH- == AlO2- + 2H2O。

              B、向氫氧化鈉溶液中滴加氯化鋁溶液,現(xiàn)象是開始無沉淀,后來有沉淀,且不溶解。

              反應(yīng)式:先Al3+ + 4OH- == AlO2- + 2H2O,后Al3+ + 3AlO2- + 6H2O == 4Al(OH)3↓。

              ③實(shí)驗(yàn):向偏鋁酸鈉溶液中通二氧化碳,有沉淀出現(xiàn)。CO2 + 3H2O + 2NaAlO2 == 2Al(OH)3↓+ Na2CO3。

              ④將氯化鋁溶液和偏鋁酸鈉溶液混和有沉淀出現(xiàn)。 Al3+ + 3AlO2- + 6H2O == 4Al(OH)3↓。

              ⑤實(shí)驗(yàn):A、向偏鋁酸鈉溶液中滴加稀鹽酸,先有沉定,后溶解。

              反應(yīng)的離子方程式:AlO2- + H+ + H2O == Al(OH)3 ,Al(OH)3 + 3H+ == Al3+ + 2H2O 。

              B、向稀鹽酸中滴加偏鋁酸鈉溶液,先無沉淀,后有沉淀且不溶解。

              反應(yīng)的離子方程式:AlO2- + 4H+ == Al3+ + 2H2O ,3AlO2- + Al3+ + 6H2O == 4Al(OH)3↓。

              文本框: Al⑥鋁三角:

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

              上圖中的每根箭頭都有一個反應(yīng),請同學(xué)們試著寫好。

               

              試題詳情

              丹陽高中08-09學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期中考試數(shù)學(xué)試題

                         高二年級          5.7

              試題詳情

              非金屬元素

              考點(diǎn)聚焦

                  1.理解非金屬的概念。

                  2.了解元素原子核外電子排布的周期性與元素性質(zhì)遞變關(guān)系。重點(diǎn)掌握典型非金屬( 鹵族元素)在周期表中的位置及與其性質(zhì)的關(guān)系。了解其他常見非金屬元素(如:H、O、S 、N、P、C、Si)的單質(zhì)及其化合物。

              知識梳理

              試題詳情

              丹陽高級中學(xué)08-09學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期高二年級期中考試

                 物理試題              5.8

               

              試題詳情

              離子反應(yīng)、離子方程式

              考點(diǎn)聚焦

              1.  理解離子反應(yīng)的本質(zhì)。

              2.  能進(jìn)行離子方程式的書寫及正誤判斷。

              3.  能應(yīng)用離子反應(yīng)判斷離子在溶液中以能否大量共存。

              知識梳理

              試題詳情

              江蘇省丹陽高級中學(xué)2008-2009學(xué)年度高二期中考試

              英語試卷

              第一卷(客觀題,共95分) 

              第一部分:聽力(共兩節(jié),滿分20分)

              第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題1分,滿分5分)

              聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后,你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

              1. Where are the two speakers talking now?

                 A. In a car B.                               On a bike                                          C. In a train

              2. What did the doctor advise the woman to do?

                 A. Take more sugar B. Lose weightC. Take medicine

              3. How much does the man need to pay for two bottles of orange juice?

                 A. 3 dollars                                  B. 4 dollars                                 C. 6 dollars

              4. What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?

                 A. Friends                                    B. Mother and son                       C. Husband and wife

              5. What does the man mean?

                 A. The new classmate has been here for 3 days.

                 B. He hasn’t seen the new classmate for 3 days.

                 C. There are three new classmates all together.

              第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分)

              聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話或獨(dú)白前,你將有時間閱讀各個小題,每小題5秒鐘;聽完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。

              聽下面一段材料,回答第6至8題。

              6. When does the conversation probably take place?

                 A. In the morning                         B. In the afternoon                      C. At noon

              7. How many people will come with the woman for lunch?

              A. 3                                            B. 4                                           C. 5

              8. What can we learn from the conversation?

                 A. The woman will meet a visitor in the restaurant.

                 B. The restaurant serves lunch until 2:00 p.m.

                 C. The woman doesn’t know the restaurant well.

              聽下面一段材料,回答第9至11題。

              9. Why hasn’t David seen Jessie lately?

              A. Because he has been absent from school.

              B. Because he has been busy with the study.

              C. Because he has been on a summer vacation.

              10. Who will go camping according to the dialogue?

              A. David and Jessie                            B. Jessie and her brother                     C. David and his brother

              11. What does Jessie think of camping?

              A. It’s cheap and wonderful          B. It’s wonderful but unsafe         C. It is worthwhile but tiring

              聽下面一段材料,回答第12至14題。

              12. How many books are there in the library?

              A. Over 1 million                        B. About 2 million                      C. Over 3 million

              13. What is the building to the south of the library?

              A. New office building for senior high school.

              B. New classroom building for senior high school.

              C. New dormitory building for junior high school.

              14. Where is the swimming pool located?

              A. To the east of the library.

              B. In the middle of the school.

              C. To the north of the library.

              聽下面一段材料,回答第15至17題。

              15. What's the relationship between the two speakers?

              A. Strangers                               B. Classmates                              C. Colleagues

              16. How often do the buses run?

              A. About every fifteen minutes.    B. About every ten minutes.         C. About every five minutes.

              17. What do we know about the woman?

              A. She is new to New York.         B. She is on her way to 63rd Street. C. She comes from South Africa.

              聽下面一段材料,回答第18至20題。

              18. Why will the speaker put in new light fixtures?

              A. Because the old lights don’t light up very well.

              B. Because the old lights are all out of fashion.

              C. Because there are not enough lights in the house.

              19. What will the new addition include?

              A. A family room and a dining area.

              B. A living room and a dining area.

              C. A deck and a living room.

              20. What can we learn from the talk?

              A. A backdoor will be added to the house.

              B. The speaker intends to replace the roof.

              C. The speaker plans to replace a part of the carpets.

               

              第二部分:英語知識運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié),滿分35分)

              第一節(jié): 單項(xiàng)填空(共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分) 從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

              21. ---Can the young girl take charge of the computer company?

                 ---I’m afraid it’s _________ her ability.

                 A. to                              B. of                            C. beyond                           D. within

              22. Intelligence doesn’t          mean success. You need to work hard as well.

                     A.honestly                 B.comparatively         C.simply                    D.necessarily

              23. When          valuable, those books enjoyed great success.

                     A.having found       B.found               C.being found           D.to be found

              24. After his _________ of the new mobile phone, the college graduate felt wild with joy.

                  A. acquisition               B. invitation                 C. concentration            D. distinction

              25. I’d rather read than watch television, because the programs seem _________ all the time.

                     A. get worse                                                    B. to have got worse     

              C. that it is getting worse                                  D. to be getting worse

              26. ________ feels good to have a hot bath after a day’s hard work.

                     A. That                 B. It                      C. This                       D. What

              27. Scientists say it will be five or six years ______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

                     A. since                        B. that                          C. before                      D. when

              28. Does it never ________ to you that I may beat him in the game?

                     A. happen                     B. handle                      C. think                        D. occur

              29. It was already past midnight and only three students ________ in the classroom.

                     A. left                          B. remained                  C. delayed                    D. predicted

              30. ________ to the left at the crossroads, and you will see the railway station on your right.

                  A. Turn                 B. Turning                           C. If you turn               D. To turn

              31. It would _________ if John helped with the housework that we are to finish this afternoon.

              A. make a difference                                        B. make sure                     

              C. take into consideration                                  D. keep in mind

              32. I’m sending an e-mail to my friend ________ he will give me a hand in the project.

                     A. in the hope of           B. in order to                C. in the hope that         D. in order of

              33. Time _________, we will go shopping in the supermarket.

                  A. permitted                 B. permits                    C. permitting                D. having been permitted

              34. Are there any difficulties that have _________ from the change of the plan?

                 A. raised                        B. rose                         C. found                       D. arisen

              35. The audience _________ the exits when the alarm was sounded.

                 A. made up                    B. made for                  C. took up                    D. took for

               

              第二節(jié):完形填空(共20小題;每小題1分,滿分20分) 閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,然后從36~55各題所給的四個選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

              Ella Fant was a middle-aged lady who lived with her only son John in a small house. She __36__ John very much. In her eyes he couldn’t do anything __37__. Every morning she would give him breadkfst__38__bed and bring him the papers to read. It isn't really true that he was too__39__to work-in fact he had tried a few__40__. First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to__41__at least six windows. Then he__42__a bus conductor and on his second__43__a passenger stole his bag with all the fares(車費(fèi))collected. He even lost his job as a postman__44__he sent off all the letters when he should have taken them to people's houses. It seemed that there was__45__suitable work for him. So he__46__to join the army. Mrs. Fant was so__47__about this that she told the news to all her neighbours. “My John is good to be a soldier,” she said. “He is going to be the best soldier there__48__was, I can tell you!”

              Then the great day came__49__he was to march past the palace in the parade(接受檢閱的隊(duì)伍).His__50__mother travelled to the city early in the morning to be sure of getting a good__51__in the crowd.

              The parade was full of sound and colour. But when John and his __52__ came in sight some of the people watching __53__ laughing at the one who couldn't keep pace with the other as they marched along.

              But Ella Fant, who was filled with __54__, shouted at the top of her voice: “Look at them! They’re all out of __55__ except my John! Isn’t he the best!”

              36. A. depended on              B. waited on                 C. trusted                     D. loved

              37. A. wrong                       B. great                       C. good                       D. strange

              38. A. to                                    B. at                            C. in                           D. by

              39. A. lazy                          B. young                     C. weak                       D. shy

              40. A. ones                         B. years                       C. tasks                       D. jobs

              41. A. rub                           B. drop                        C. break                             D. clean

              42.A. followed                    B. met                         C. became                    D. found

              43.A. day                           B. try                          C. route                       D. chance

              44.A. even if                       B. so that                     C. because                   D. though

              45.A. some                         B. such                        C. less                         D. no

              46.A. began                        B. promised                 C. managed                  D. decided

              47.A. excited                             B. worried                   C. anxious                   D. curious

              48.A. yet                            B. ever                        C. never                             D. just

              49.A. where                        B. since                       C. when                       D. till

              50.A. proud                        B. kind                        C. strict                       D. lucky

              51.A. time                          B. position                   C. experience                      D. impression

              52.A. neighbours                 B. army officer            C. mother                    D. fellow soldiers

              53.A. couldn't help              B. shouldn't burst out     C. stopped                   D. kept

              54.A. sadness                      B. happiness                 C. surprise                   D. regret

              55.A. sight                          B. order                       C. mind                       D. step

               

              第三部分:(I)閱讀理解(共15小題;每小題2分,滿分30分)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的四個選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

              【A】

              It’s great fun to explore new places ? it feels like an adventure, even when you know you’re not the first to have been there. But make sure not to get lost or waste time going round in circles.

              ●Do the map reading if you’re being driven somewhere. It’ll be easier if you keep turning the map so it follows the direction you’re traveling in. keep looking ahead so that you can give the driver lots of warning before having to make a turn, or you’ll have to move to the back seat.

              ●Get a group of friends together and go exploring. You’ll need a good map, a compass (指南針) a raincoat, a cell phone to call for help in case you get lost, and a bit of spare cash for emergencies (應(yīng)急現(xiàn)金). Tell someone where you’re going before you set out and let them know what time you expect to be back. The test is in not getting lost, not in seeing how fast you can go, so always stick together, waiting for slower friends to catch up.

              ●See if your school or a club organizes orienteering activities, in which you need a map and a compass to find your way. This can be done as a sport, with teams trying to find the way from A to B (and B to C etc) in the fastest time, or simply as spare?time activity. Either way, it’s not only good fun, but a great way to keep fit.

              56.Sitting beside the driver, you should         .

                     A.direct the driver when necessary

                     B.look ahead to see where there’s a turn

                     C.move to the back seat if feeling uncomfortable

                     D.keep looking at the map to find a place to go to

              57.Why do you need to tell someone your exploration plan before setting out?

                     A.To get information when in danger.

                     B.To be saved in case of an accident.

                     C.To share the fun with him/her in exploration.

                     D.To tell him/her what’s going on with the group members.

              58.Orienteering activities can          .

                     A.make people work fast                        

              B.help people stay healthy

              C.help people organize other activities     

              D.make people get prepared for sports

                                                                                    【B】

              Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee(裁判) and rarely trouble to keep scores. They don’t care much about who wins or loses, and it doesn’t seem to worry them if the game is not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compared. They also enjoy games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almost a game in itself.

              Grown-ups can hardly find children’s games exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person, and he can find himself being a useful partner to someone of whom he is ordinarily afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn. He can be confident, too, in particular games, that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, to throw a ball actually at someone, or to kiss someone he has caught.

              It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their control. Everyone knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish, but they make sure that every child has a chance to win.

              59.What is true about children when they play games?

                     A.They can stop playing any time they like.

                     B.They can test their personal abilities.

                     C.They want to pick a better team.

                     D.They don’t need rules.

              60.To become a leader in a game the child has to         .

                     A.play well                                           

              B.wait for his turn

                     C.be confident in himself                        

              D.be popular among his playmates

              61.Why does a child like playing games?

                     A.Because he can be someone other than himself.

                     B.Because he can become popular among friends.

                     C.Because he finds he is always lucky in games.

                     D.Because he likes the place where he plays a game.

              62.The writer believes that         .

                     A.children should make better rules for their games.

                     B.children should invite grown-ups to play with them.

                     C.children’s games can do them a lot of good

                     D.children play games without reasons

                                                                                 【C】

              Most rain forests lie to the equator(赤道), where the climate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine.The warmth of the land heats the air above, causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain.The rainfall can reach at least 98 inches a year.This wet, warm world with plenty of sunlight is perfect for plants to grow, so the trees grow fast with green leaves all the year round.The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate.They gather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves.The wet air then forms clouds, which hang over the treetops like smoke.These clouds protect the forest from the daytime heat and night-time cold of nearby deserts, keeping temperatures fit for plant growth.

              Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remain just as warm, but they have a dry season of three months or more when little rain falls.Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow when the wet season or monsoon(雨季) begins.Thus these areas are known as the "monsoon forest".

              Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains.It is often called the "cloud forest" because clouds often hang over the trees like fog.

              The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of many different trees.Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spread their seeds.When the fruits are eaten, the seeds inside them go undamaged through animals' stomachs and are passed out in their droppings.The seeds lying on the forest floor then grow into new trees.

              63.The climate of the rain forests near the equator is ________.

                     A.mild, wet and windy                    

                     B.hot, rainy and foggy

                     C.hot, wet and cloudy                     

                     D.warm, wet and sunny

              64.We can learn from the passage that ________.

                     A.tree leaves are green all the time in the monsoon forest

                     B.there is a dry season in the cloud forest on tropical mountains

                     C.clouds help the plants in the rain forests near the deserts to grow

                     D.the formation of climate in the rain forest has little to do with the trees

              65.According to the passage, ________ play the most important role in the spreading of seeds.

                     A.a(chǎn)nimals            

                     B.droppings         

                     C.fruits                 

                     D.winds

              66.This passage is most likely to be found in _________.

                  A.a(chǎn) travel guide     

                  B.a(chǎn) story book       

                  C.a(chǎn) technical report

                  D.a(chǎn) geographical book

                                                                                 【D】

               Indian’s snake charmers are to be retrained as wildlife teachers under a plan to prevent their unique skills and knowledge from being lost. The charmers, who make snakes dance to the sound of flutes(笛子), used to be a traditional feature of Indian life, performing in towns and villages, until they were banned in 1972 to control the trade in snake skins.

              The government is now considering a plan to train the saperas, as they are known, to visit schools and zoos to tell children about forests and wildlife. There is also a proposal to set up a “dial a snake charmer” service to help householders to deal with unwelcome intruders (不速之客).

              “For generations they have been a feature of Indian life but now they can't earn a living for fear of arrest,” said Behar Dutt, a conservationist behind the plans, “if a policeman doesn’t catch them, animal rights activists report them.”

              Many snake charmers have continued to work clandestinely since the ban, despite the threat of up to three years in prison. But their trademark cloth-covered baskets, hung from a bamboo pole carried across their shoulders, make them an easy target for police.

              The fate of Shisha Nath, 56, from Badarpur, a village just outside of Delhi, is typical of practitioners(從業(yè)者) of the dying art. “I used to earn enough to support my family and send my children to school,  "he said. "Now it's hard to earn even f, 1 a day. My children want to be snake charmers. It’s our identity. We love the work. But it s become impossible.

              Next month Dutt’s project to train 30 snake charmers will begin at a snake park in Pune, western India, where experts will enrich their home-grown skills with some formal knowledge.

              More than the law, though, it is the dishonest attitude of their fellow countryman that angers many snake charmers.

              "'We're disturbed all the time but when people want a snake removed from the house, they rush to us," said Prakash Nath, who was ordered recently to the home of Sonia Gandhi, the Congress party leader.

              67.   According to the passage, snake charmers will be retrained as wildlife teachers mainly because______.

              A. schools need large numbers of such teachers

              B. most of them cannot support their families

              C. their performances on the street are banned

              D. the government plans to save the dying art

              68.   The purpose of the proposed "dial a snake charmer" telephone service is ______.

              A. to give performance of snake dancing

              B. to teach householders how to catch and kill snakes

              C. to offer cleaning service to wealthy householders

              D. to help remove unwanted snakes from the houses

              69.   The word "clandestinely" in paragraph 4 can be best replaced by the word "_______"

              A. secretly                      

              B. publicly                     

              C. attentively                   

              D. diligently

              70.   Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

              A. Snake charmers can easily be recognized by the police on the street.

              B. Children of snake charmers would not like to continue their fathers' job.

              C. Snake charmers are quite angry with the attitude of their fellow countrymen.

              D. The animal rights activists take a negative attitude towards snake charmers.

               

               

               

              (II)任務(wù)型閱讀: (共10小題;滿分10分)請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。每個空格一個單詞。

              What do you usually use your cell-phone for? Calling friends or sending them text messages?

              As technology develops, nowadays cell-phones can do much more than that. They have become an all-in-one device.

              A typical example is Apple’s Phone. The touch-screen cell-phone plays music, connects to the Web, sends e-mail and takes photos. More than 1 million Apple’s Phones have been sold since it was launched in June.

              “Today’s young people enjoy using all kinds of digital functions, such as those of a music player, a camera and even a computer, constantly. An all-in-one device is easy to carry. That is the goal of developing a technology to make our lives more convenient, simple and relaxed,” said Professor Ding Shouqian at Nankai University.

              However, the all-in-one cell-phones come with some problems. Users have complained that they are too complicated to use, and that their battery life is too short. Cell-phone producers say that they are working hard to make their phones even better.

              It’s very convenient to use it. “We are trying to make the cell-phones in a way that people can quickly move from phoning to taking pictures and listening to music,” said Alastair Curtis, Nokia’s chief designer. “If you look at the Nokia 3250 model, it has a twisting bottom. So you twist it half a turn, and it’s in camera mode. You twist it another 90 degrees, and the alpha-numeric(字母和數(shù)字的) keys have disappeared and the music keys are there.” Japanese companies such as Toshiba and Fujitsu are also working to develop a new battery for mobile phone.

              If all the problems are solved in the future, all-in-one phones will change our lives for the better.

              (71)___▲__

              It can play music.

              It is (72) ___▲____to the Web.

              It can (73) ___▲____ e-mails.

              It can also be used as a (74)____▲___.

              (75)___▲___

              It’s easy to carry.

              It can make our lives more (76) ___▲___,simple and relaxing.

              Problems

              The cell-phones are not (77) ___▲___ to use.

              Their battery doesn’t (78) ___▲___long.

              Ways to solve the problems

              Make it easy and (79) ___▲___to move from one mode to another.

              The companies make better batteries that last(80)___▲___.

               

              (請將本題答案寫在下一頁的指定位置。

               

              班級___________姓名____________________學(xué)號___________

              任務(wù)型閱讀答案:

               

              71. _________________ 72. _________________ 73. ________________  74. ________________

               

              75.__________________ 76. _________________ 77. __________________ 78. ________________

               

              79. __________________ 80. _________________

              第二卷(共25分)

              第四部分:寫作(共三節(jié),滿分25分)

              第一節(jié):單詞拼寫。正確理解句意并根據(jù)首字母或中文提示,拼寫出單詞的正確形式,每個空格一個單詞。(每空格1分,滿分10分)。

              1. With people’s living standard being raised, more and more p___________________ cars are springing up in China.

              2. He once a month goes to America to do trade with some companies there, for which reason he is called a

              f __________________ visitor to the USA.

              3. The KFC tasted so nice and delicious to mouth that it soon gained p__________________ across China.

              4. They have had to p____________________ going to France to see their friend because their child is ill.

              5. It seemed that the car had deliberately v___________________ the traffic regulations, which drew the attention of the police.

              6. The number of thefts of ___________________ (車輛,運(yùn)輸工具) has risen by a third in the last three years.

              7. He has invested a lot of money in the stock market, and therefore he shows great concern about current ___________________ (事務(wù),事情).

              8. The tablets will work more ______________________ (有效地) if you take a hot drink after them.

              9. Another team consisting of 11 members was sent to the earthquake stricken areas, including an ______________________(建筑師).

              10. The strong smell of cigarette smoke _____________________ (確認(rèn)) what he had said: there had been a meeting minutes before.

              第二節(jié) 書面表達(dá)(1題,滿分 15 分)

              假如你叫Jack,你在自己的學(xué)校就“是否應(yīng)該支持農(nóng)民工進(jìn)入城市”的問題進(jìn)行了一次調(diào)查。下面是對部分學(xué)生調(diào)查的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果,請你參照該統(tǒng)計(jì)表給學(xué)校報刊寫一篇英文調(diào)查報告,并簡述你的觀點(diǎn)。

              有利之處

              1.外地民工積極參與城市各行各業(yè)的工作,為城市的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。

              2.他們從事的大部分是又累又臟甚至是危險的工作,如清潔工、保姆、建筑工等等。

              不利之處

              1.       城市更加擁擠。

              2.       亂扔垃圾,影響城市衛(wèi)生。

              3.       帶來了安全問題。

              你的觀點(diǎn)

              注意:1. 不要逐條翻譯,但可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。
              2. 文章的格式已給出。
              3. 單詞數(shù):150左右。
              4. 參考詞匯:1.農(nóng)民工 migrant workers   2.當(dāng)保姆 babysitting  

              Dear editor,

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                                                                     Yours truly,

                               Jack

               

              I. 聽力:      1―5 ABCAB  6--10 ABCBC   11―15 AABCA  16―20 CAAAB

              II. 單項(xiàng)選擇: 21―25 CDBAD   26―30 BCDBA  31―35 ACCDB

              III. 完形填空: 36―40 DACAD  41―45 CCACD  46―50 DABCA  51―55 BDABD

              IV. 閱讀:  【A】56―58 ABB 【B】59―62 ABAC 【C】63―66 DC AD 【D】67―70 DDAB

              V. 任務(wù)型閱讀:  71. Functions   72. connected  73. deliver / send  74. camera  75. Advantages

              76. convenient  77. easy       78. last          79. quick   80. longer

              VI. 單詞拼寫: 1. affairs     2. frequent   3. popularity   4. postpone    5. private 

                             6. vehicles   7. violated    8. efficiently   9. architect   10. confirmed

              VII. 書面表達(dá):

              Dear editor,

              Recently we’ve conducted a survey on whether to support migrant workers in their moving to cities. Here is a brief report about it.

              On one hand, migrant workers do play a very important role in the development of cities. They are actively involved in various kinds of jobs. In particular, they just do jobs such as cleaning, babysitting, and building, which are usually tiring, dirty even dangerous to their health and life. But these jobs are necessary and basic.

              On the other hand, with more and more migrant workers coming in, the city is becoming more and more crowded. Also, the transport is much busier than before. To make matters worse, some of them don’t pay much attention to the cleanness and like littering everywhere, making the streets very dirty. The worst of all is that some even turn thieves if they cannot find any suitable jobs.

              As far as I’m concerned, migrant workers have made great contributions to the development of big cities. Without them, we won’t have so many high-rise buildings. But if they can be well educated, it will be better for all of us.

                                                                                 Yours truly,

                                                                              Jack

               

              試題詳情

              熱化學(xué)反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)熱與能量變化

              考點(diǎn)聚焦

              1.理解化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的能量變化與化學(xué)鍵變化的關(guān)系;

              2.理解吸熱反應(yīng)、放熱反應(yīng)與反應(yīng)物及生成物能量的關(guān)系;

              知識梳理

                      、        、        一起被稱為現(xiàn)代社會發(fā)展的三大支柱。

              試題詳情

              江蘇省丹陽高級中學(xué)08-09學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期中考試(語文)

              分值:160分   考試用時:150分鐘     2009.05.07

              試題詳情

              氧化還原反應(yīng)

              考點(diǎn)聚焦

              1.  理解氧化還原反應(yīng)的本質(zhì)和特征

              2.  從多個角度理解氧化劑和還原劑等概念

              3.  會比較與判斷氧化性或還原性強(qiáng)弱

              4.  知道常見的氧化劑和還原劑

              5.  能判斷氧化還原反應(yīng)中的電子轉(zhuǎn)移方向和數(shù)目

              6.  能配平化學(xué)方程式

              7.  能運(yùn)用氧化還原反應(yīng)的規(guī)律進(jìn)行有關(guān)計(jì)算

              知識梳理

              試題詳情


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