Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage and the required words limit. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
A political scientist from Indiana University whose work exploring how people come together to preserve their collective resources may provide important clues in the fight against climate change has become the first woman to win the Nobel prize for economics.
Elinor Ostrom, 76, shares 2009 Nobel prize with fellow American academic Oliver Williamson, 77. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced to the world the pair had been chosen to win the 40th prize in economic sciences.
For Ostrom, the award came, as a "big surprise". To rise to the peak of her area of learning has been a big journey, as she has had to struggle against her own weaknesses and the barriers of the system. At school in Los Angeles, she suffered from stuttering. She also faced the barriers common to most women of her generation entering the sciences --- she was discouraged from taking a PhD when she applied for graduate school.
Her field of study has been striking for how cross-disciplinary it is. Early on she gained a reputation for bringing economics, political science and sociology together.
What interests her is how common property can be managed successfully through groups in society. The findings of her research have been striking, as the Nobel committee pointed out, because they have challenged the traditional assumption that common property is poorly managed unless it is either controlled by government or privatized. She has shown how different individuals can band together and form collectives that protect the resource at hand.
“A lot of people are waiting for more international co-operation to solve global warming.” Ostrom said , “It is important that there is international agreement, but we can be taking steps at family level, community level, civic and national level … There are many steps that can be taken. That will not solve it on their own but continuously will make a big difference.”
81. How did Ostrom feel when she got the prize?  (not more than 3 words)
82. What does “cross-disciplinary” mean according to the passage?  (not more than 9 words)
83. Why was Ostrom advised not to take a PhD when she applied for graduate school?  (not more than 9 words)
84. Why was Ostrom awarded the Nobel prize for economics?  (not more than 16 words)

81. She felt surprised / amazed / shocked. 或 Surprised / Amazed / Shocked.
82. It means bringing economics, political science and sociology together.
或 Bringing economics, political science and sociology together.
83. Because she was a woman who was prejudiced then.
或 Because women were looked down upon / on in her times.
或 Because of the barriers common to most women then.
84. Because she put forward a theory on how people come together to preserve their collective resources.
略
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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① dam  n. 大壩
② lagoon  n. 瀉湖
③ boggy  adj. 泥濘的
④ encroachment  n. 蠶食
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

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3. A. what             B. why                  C. how                  D. where
4. A. how              B. that                   C. which               D. what
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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The Advanced Placement International English Language (APIEL) will be offered for the first time throughout the world on May 10, 2002, said Jen.
However, the APIEL is a strange title to most Chinese students, and it is unlikely to soon gain the similarity of other already existing exams, such as the TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language), the GRE(Graduate Record Examination), or the IELTS(International English Language Testing System).
“I have never heard of such a test and I would prefer the IELTS if I need another exam,” said Xu Jingyan, a graduating student from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, who wants to study in England and has already taken the TOEFL.
Most of Xu’s classmates have never heard of the APIEL. “The APIEL is designed for international students who wish to get university studies in English-speaking countries, including the United States, Britain, Canada, and Australia.” said Jen.
The APIEL has been adopted, said Jen, because the TOEFL can no longer accurately reflect the abilities of students of using the English language comprehensively in an academic environment. Xinhua reported that a fairly large number of foreign students who earned high scores in TOEFL exam turned out to be very ordinary educational performers after admission.
Compared with the TOEFL, the APIEL measures a student’s ability to read, write, speak and understand English through testing his or her skills in listening comprehension, speaking with accuracy(精確) and resourcefulness, and writing with clarity and fluency(流暢), Jen said.
小題1:The United States will introduce a new exam because _______.
A．more and more students want to get further education in the USA
B．the Chinese people pay special attention to English studies with China’s entry into the WTO
C．the already existing exam systems seem to be far from perfect
D．it will bring the US government quite a lot of money
小題2:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the selection？
A．It will take quite a period of time for people to accept the APIEL.
B．The TOEFL is more popular with the Chinese than the IELTS.
C．A student will have to take the APIEL if he or she wants to study in English—speaking countries from 2002.
D．Chinese students will prefer the IELTS rather than the APIEL even in the future.
小題3:The underlined word current in the second paragraph means _______.
A．modern B．present C．standard D．formal
小題4:Please decide which of the following would be the best title for this news report.
A．The Key to English-speaking Countries
B．The Four Skills in Learning English
C．TOEFL, IELTS and GRE to be Out of Date
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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Introduce Them with Care
Your newborn and per’s first encounter can set the tone for their relationship. To make it as smooth as possible, try this trick from Caryn Ruiz：“Before we left the hospital, my husband took blankets home to our dog, Daisy, so she’d know our newborn Devon’s smell.” When you get home, have your husband carry the baby so you can greet your pet without worrying about her jumping on you. A cat will likely walk away at first, while a dog probably wants to investigate right away.
To introduce your baby, get down on your pet’s level and let her have a hello sniff. Don’t panic and pull your baby away unless your pet is barking or hissing, because it’ll send the message that the baby is a threat.
Learn the Safety Basics
No matter how smoothly the introduction goes, there are certain safety rules you should follow. Never leave your baby alone with the pet. Even the gentlest animal can react unpredictably. Your baby’s crying could frighten your cat, or your dog could suddenly become territorial. Consider setting up baby gates to limit your pet’s access. To keep your cat from jumping into the bassinet(有篷蓋的搖籃), try putting mosquito netting over the top. Cats hate sticky paws, so keep the crib(有欄桿的嬰兒床)and changing table off-limits by lining the edges with sticky strips made for furniture. You can also train your dog to sleep in a crate(大木箱).
小題1:At the beginning of the passage, the author uses the stories to_____.
A．illustrate possible reactions when pets meet a newborn baby
B．show that pets don’t like a newborn baby
C．prove how friendly a pet is when it meets a newborn baby
D．introduce how terrible the pets are when a mother gets a baby home
小題2:Who is Sonya mentioned in the 1 st paragraph?
A．Jennifer’s dog.B．Jennifer’s baby.
C．Jennifer’s husband.D．A pet expert.
小題3:What can we infer from the passage?
A．Cats are more welcoming than dogs when they meet a newborn baby.
B．You must show your baby to your pet dog when it is barking.
C．You should never keep a baby together with your pet.
D．The first introduction of your newborn baby to your pet is important.
小題4: According to the passage, to keep your baby safe, you should do the following things EXCEPT_____.
A．introducing your baby to your pet with care
B．leaving your baby alone with your pet at the first day when they meet
C．setting up baby gates to limit your baby
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