What happens inside the skull of a soccer player who repeatedly heads a soccer ball? That question motivated a challenging new study of the brains of experienced players that has caused discussion and debate among soccer players, and some anxiety among those of us with soccer-playing children.
For the study, researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York selected 34adults, men and women. All of the volunteers had played soccer since childhood and now competed year-round in adult soccer leagues. Each filled out a detailed questionnaire developed especially for this study to determine how many times they had headed a soccer ball in the previous year, as well as whether they had experienced any known concussions (腦震蕩) in the past.
Then the players completed computerized tests of their memory and other learning skills and had their brains scanned, using a complicated new M.R.I. technique which can find structural changes in the brain that can't be seen during most scans.
According to the data they presented at a Radiological Society of North America meeting last month, the researchers found that the players who had headed the ball more than about 1,100 times in the previous 12 months showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times.
This pattern of white matter loss is "similar to those seen in traumatic (外傷的) brain injury", like that after a serious concussion, the researchers reported, even though only one of these players was reported to have ever experienced a concussion.
The players who had headed the ball about 1,100 times or more in the past year were also generally worse at recalling lists of words read to them, forgetting or fumbling the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less.
小題1:The passage is most probably a______.
A．news reportB．research report
C．story for soccer playersD．text for doctors
小題2:In which way can we find the structural changes in the brain?
A．Computerized test.B．Questionnaire..
C．Scanning.D．M.R.I. technique.
小題3:From the passage we can conclude that frequent heading may have_____.
A．significant effect on brainB．little effect on one's brain
C．nothing to do with the brain injuryD．one's memory improved
小題4:What is likely to be the cause of memory loss?
A．Playing soccer frequently.B．Tests of their memory.
C．White matter loss.D．Information processing.
小題5:The underlined word "fumbling" is closest in meaning to______.
A．rememberingB．misunderstanding
C．recallingD．missing

小題1:B
小題2:D
小題3:A
小題4:C
小題5:D

試題分析：這篇文章主要講了研究表明用頭頂足球，可造成腦部白質(zhì)的缺失，從而影響記憶、注意力以及視力。
小題1:這篇文章主要講了用頭頂足球，對腦部造成的傷害，所以這是一篇研究報告，故選B。
小題2:根據(jù)using a complicated new M.R.I. technique which can find structural changes in the brain that can't be seen during most scans，故選D。
小題3:根據(jù)the researchers found that the players who had headed the ball more than about 1,100 times in the previous 12 months showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times.所以答案為A。
小題4:根據(jù)loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times，因此選C。
小題5:根據(jù)the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less.可猜出"fumbling"意思是丟失的，因此選D。
點評：要想答好題目，重在理解全文意思。這篇文章比較難，先看問題，再帶著問題讀短文，找出各段落的主旨句，理解全文內(nèi)容，總結(jié)全文中心，然后再回到問題上來，很容易選出正確答案。多了解一些常識性知識有利于閱讀理解。如果對文章的相關(guān)背景有所了解，讀起文章一定既省時又省力。因此，在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，了解各方面的背景知識是十分重要的。
練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

According to the survey conducted by some scientists, it is common to have difficulty sleeping during the day. Humans are naturally wired to sleep best at night and be awake during the day. However, modern work schedules require some people to try to accommodate the unnatural schedule of shift（輪班）work — being awake at night and sleeping during the day.
In order to make this adjustment, you need to pay special attention to your sleep environment and your preparation for sleep. If shift work is a necessary part of your work life, here are some suggestions that may help.
Arrange to sleep uninterrupted in a quiet, dark room. This means you may have to turn off or unplug your phone, hang darkening curtains on the windows or wear a sleep eye mask, and train your family and friends to leave you alone while you sleep.
Fit in a nap (小睡). When your daytime sleep period is too short, taking a short nap of less than 30 minutes just before work or on a break has been shown to improve alertness and enhance performance.
Develop and follow a sleep routine. It's best if you go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day. Try not to vary this too much on weekends. Your body likes routine.
Take extra care to make healthy choices. You may be tempted to reach for unhealthy foods or nicotine to stay awake or alcohol to try to sleep. But ultimately these choices are more harmful than helpful.
If you have tried all these things and are still having problems getting enough quality sleep during the day, talk to your doctor or a sleep specialist. Sometimes medications (藥物治療) may be helpful and safe. In other cases, there may be an underlying sleep disorder that needs to be addressed.
小題1:The purpose of the text is to_____ .
A．persuade workers to have a good sleep
B．a(chǎn)dvise night workers to keep healthy
C．encourage workers to do day work
D．help night workers to sleep well
小題2:What does the author recommend?
A．A suitable amount of alcohol to help sleep.
B．A regular life on weekday’s and weekends.
C．A bright room without phones to sleep in.
D．A break for sleeping anytime during the day.
小題3:On which condition should a person turn to a sleep specialist for help?
A．If he suffers from a sleep disorder for the first time.
B．If a good sleep environment is greatly needed for him.
C．If he fails to get quality sleep through his own efforts.
D．If he has the problem of falling asleep in the daytime.
小題4:We can learn from the text that_____________.
A．night workers need a long time to fall asleep
B．constant breaks at work help to improve performance
C．it is difficult to create a good sleep environment
D．night work requires people to adjust their body clocks

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

It is easy to overlook the role that your body plays in influencing your mood(情緒). When you are 49 , you may find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future. However, it could just be that you’ve been sitting behind your desk too long.
One way to improve your mood is 50 . Psychologically, it provides you with a break from the stresses in your life. Also, in the process, you may aim for  51  goals, like a new personal running record or a better body shape. The achievement of a particular goal makes you feel good and contributes to your 52 . That is why exercise has been shown to 53 your self-respect.
You do not have to train yourself 54  to feel the psychological benefits of exercise. What really matters is 55 , not intensity(強(qiáng)度) of your exercise. You can try walking for 30 minutes five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
小題1:
A．illB．poorC．unhappyD． unsuccessful
小題2:
A．playB．communicationC．sleepD． exercise
小題3:
A．clearB．presentC．commonD． early
小題4:
A．a(chǎn)bilityB．relationshipC．confidenceD． business
小題5:
A．tear downB．build upC．set asideD． give out
小題6:
A．hardB．everywhereC．carefullyD． late
小題7:
A．timeB．lengthC．formD． frequency

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Most American children eat potatoes every day, but they don't know which part of potato is most nourishing(有營養(yǎng)的).Take a sharp knife and cut a very thin slice(薄片) from it and hold it to the light, and you will see that the potato has skin, an outside rim(邊緣) and the inner part. The outside rim which is right under the skin is most nutritious.But this part is often thrown away with the skin. Even the skin itself is better for food than the inside. When eating a cooked potato, if you choose the inside and leave the outside, you are wasting the best part of it. If you can’t eat the whole potato, it is better to eat the outside rim and leave the inner part.
小題1:A potato has _________.
A．one part onlyB．two partsC．three partsD．four parts
小題2:The best part of the potato is the _________.
A．middleB．skinC．outside rimD．inside
小題3:What does this reading tell about potatoes? It tells us _________.
A．how to cook themB．how to cut potatoes
C．what is a potato made up ofD．how to eat them

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

A friend of mine was in low spirits one day. He usually dealt with this state of mind by avoiding people until the mood passed. But on that day Fred had an important meeting with his boss, so he decided to put on a false front. During the meeting Fred smiled, joked and played the part of a happy, good-natured person. To his surprise, he soon discovered he was no longer depressed. 
Without realizing it, Fred chanced to find an important new principle of psychological research: acting a part can help us feel the way we want to feel — more self-assured in a trying situation, more cheerful when things go wrong.
How can you put this principle to work in your own life? There’s more involved than simply mimicking a few expressions. You have to be systematic about it. Here’s how:
Smile to cheer yourself up.
Relax to reduce anxiety or fear.
Look your best to increase your self-confidence.
Keep cool in a crisis.
Using our bodies and actions to change the way we feel can be a useful tool in helping us through life’s difficult times. As novelist George Eliot wrote more than a century ago, “Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds.” People who remember that — and act upon it — can only be richer and happier for the experience.
小題1:In paragraph 1 the underlined phrase “to put on a false front” means ______.
A．to wear a wrong coat
B．to act a part unsuccessfully
C．to show a pretended happy appearance
D．to put on airs
小題2:According to Paragraph 1, Fred ______before the meeting.
A．had very few spirits
B．had many spirits
C．was in bad mood
D．was in good mood
小題3:The underlined phrase “mimicking” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.
A．learning quickly
B．making faces
C．behaving well
D．imitating others
小題4:In the last paragraph, the quotation “Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds” may show that ______.
A．a(chǎn)ctions speak louder than words
B．the more we do, the happier we are
C．our feeling cannot change our behavior
D．a(chǎn)ctions are very important for us to beat bad moods for good

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Researchers in the United States have developed the first wirelessly controlled device that can supply a drug directly into the body. A small chip is implanted (植入) under the skin. It contains the medicine, which it releases at preset times. The developers say the device could improve the lives of millions of people who take medicine for long-term illnesses. A company called Microchips began developing the device about fifteen years ago. Last month, the company released the results of its first successful tests in humans. The tests took place in Denmark with seven women with osteoporosis（骨質(zhì)疏松癥）.
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and break easily. The disorder is common among older people especially women. Many patients have to give themselves daily injection（注射）of medicine. One type of treatment requires injections for two years. The patients stop taking the medicine because of the pain and stress of the injections. As a result, only twenty-five percent of the patients will go through the entire twenty-four months of treatment.
The microchip is a few centimeters long. It has small sections and each section holds a single dose（單次劑量）of medicine. The device has to be programmed with the times to release the drug. Doctors will be able to reprogram the device from a computer or even a cell phone.
For osteoporosis, the physician will program the device, and the device has the ability to release a dose at a given time, every single day. For other diseases, where the physician may want to change the dosing schedule, they will have the ability to wirelessly reprogram that dosing schedule.
The seven women in the study were ages of sixty-five to seventy. The researchers say the implants were just as effective as daily injections. And they say the medicine amounts were more exact than patients often give themselves.
小題1:The best title for the passage should be ______.
A．A New Company Called Microchips
B．A New Way to Take Medicine Every Day
C．Good News for Women with Osteoporosis
D．Taking Medicine, with Microchip under Skin
小題2:What does the underlined word “released” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Announced.B．Planned.C．Got rid of.D．Caught hold of.
小題3:We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ______.
A．older people especially men easily develop steoporosis
B．bones’ becoming weak and breaking easily causes steoporosis
C．a(chǎn) quarter of the patients will go through the entire two years of treatment
D．pain and stress of the injections lead all patients to stop taking medicine
小題4:What advantages does the microchip have?
a. effective implants  
b. less exact medicine amounts
c. purposely—changed dosing schedule
d. only one centimeter long and having small sections
e. improving the lives of millions of people
A．a(chǎn), b, cB．c, d, eC．a(chǎn), c, eD．b, c, d
小題5:In which column of a newspaper could we find this passage?
A．Arts.B．Jobs.C．Sports.D．Medicine.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Salt plays an important role in our daily diet. Even a small reduction in salt in the diet can be a big help to the heart. A new study used a computer model to predict -how just three grams less a day would affect heart disease in the United States.
The result: Thirteen percent fewer heart attacks. Eight percent fewer strokes. Four percent fewer deaths. Eleven percent fewer new cases of heart disease. And two hundred forty billion dollars in health care savings. Researchers found it could prevent one hundred thousand heart attacks and ninety-two thousand deaths every year．
The study is in the New England Journal of Medicine. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo at the University of California San Francisco was the lead author. She says people would not even notice a difference in taste with three grams,or one-half teaspoon, less salt per day. The team also included researchers at Stanford and Columbia University. Each gram of salt contains four hundred milligrams of sodiu(鈉), which is how foods may list their salt content．
The government says the average American man eats ten grams of salt a day. The American Heart Association advises no more than three grams for healthy people. It says salt in the American diet has increased fifty percent since the nineteen seventies, while blood pressures have also risen. Less salt can mean a lower blood pressure.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg is leading an effort called the National Salt Reduction Initiative.The idea is to put pressure on food companies and restaurants. Critics call it government interference.
Mayor Bloomberg has already succeeded in other areas, like requiring fast food places in the city to list calorie information. Now a study by the Seattle Children's Research Institute shows that the calorie information on the menu can influence what parents order for their children. Ninety-nine parents of three to six year olds took part. Half had calories between the two groups for foods that the parents would have chosen for themselves. McDonald's menus clearly showing how many calories were in each food. Parents given the counts chose an average of one hundred two fewer calories when asked what they would order for their children. Yet there was no difference in calories between the two groups for foods that the parents would have chosen for themselves.
Study leader Pooja Tandon says even small calorie reductions on a regular basis can prevent weight gain over time.The study was published in the journal Pediatrics．
小題1:Which of the following benefits does less salt diet in the passage NOT cover?
A．The decrease of strokes B．The prevention of weight gain
C．Fewer heart attacksD．The drop in medical care cost
小題2:It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A．Americans ate no more than 5 grams of salt per day in the 1970s
B．the American Heart Association suggests less than 3 grams of salt a day for everyone
C．the less salt one eats, the healthier he will be
D．a(chǎn)ll the heart diseases result from eating too much salt
小題3:The National Salt Reduction Initiative aims to_______.
A．inform people of the harm that salt does to health
B．a(chǎn)ttract the public attention to the problem
C．require fast food places to list salt information
D．put pressure on food companies and restaurants
小題4:The underlined sentence "Yet there was no difference in calories between the two groups for foods that the parents would have chosen for themselves." implies that _______.
A．Parents pay less attention to the amount of calories in their diet.
B．Parents set a good example to their children in daily diet.
C．Parents take less salt than before while taking meals.
D．Most parents are on a diet for their health.
小題5:Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?
A．Relationship between Salt and Health
B．Less Salt Can Mean Being More Healthy
C．A Survey on People's Regular Diet
D．Mayor Michael Bloomberg and His Health Project

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解



We all know that if we want to keep our body in good shape we have to do physical exercise regularly as well as be careful with what we eat. What we tend to forget is that this goes for our eyes as well. Medical science confirms that a diet rich in carotenoids (類胡蘿卜素) can help maintain good vision(維持好視力) and prevent against a number of eye diseases. Here's some advice about how to choose the right diet to keep your eyes healthy.
— Eat orange food. Fruits and vegetables with orange flesh are rich in carotenoids. In addition to carrots，oranges，pumpkins and sweet potatoes are also available. All of these contain high levels of carotenoids，which help to maintain good vision.
— Include dark green vegetables，such as spinach (菠菜) and broccoli (西蘭花) in your diet, to act as natural sunglasses. Recent scientific studies have shown that these vegetables can help block (阻擋) the damaging UV radiation(紫外線輻射)from the sun's rays.
— Prevent some eye diseases with orange juice, yellow corn, whole milk, nuts and leafy vegetables. These foods are good sources of vitamins A, C, D and E. All of these are  necessary to good eye health.
— Increase your intake of omega­3 with some sea fish, and some other seafood. Omega­3 helps build cell walls and is especially beneficial to keeping eyes healthy .It also helps regulate the eye's internal pressure and helps the eye dry up excess fluid.
小題1:We can learn from the first paragraph that healthy food　　　　.
A．keeps eyes healthy
B．means you don't need exercise
C．can help cure eye diseases efficiently(有效地)
D．means people don't have to wear glasses
小題2:Why should people eat orange food according to the text？
A．It is beneficial to building cell walls in eyes.
B．It is more delicious than other food.
C．It is good for eyesight.
D．It is rich in various vitamins.
小題3:Which of the following can help block the damaging UV radiation from the sun's rays？
A．Pumpkins. B．Juice.C．Nuts. D．Broccoli.
小題4:The purpose of the text is to tell people how to　　　　.
A．keep their body in good shape
B．choose a healthy diet for their eyes
C．prevent serious eye diseases
D．get natural sunglasses from food

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Chocolate is good for your heart, skin and brain. Usually, people think that chocolate is bad for their health. They describe chocolate as “something to die for” or say “death by chocolate”. Now they should bite their tongues! Evidence(證據(jù)) is showing that some kinds of chocolate are actually good for you in the following ways:
A happier heart
Scientists at Harvard University recently examined 136 studies on cocoa—the main ingredient in chocolate and found that it does seem to strengthen the heart. Studies have shown heart benefits from increased blood flow. These benefits are the result of cocoa’s chemicals, which seem to prevent both cell damage and inflammation(炎癥).
Better blood pressure
If yours is high, chocolate may help. Jeffrey Blumberg from Tufts University recently 
found that people with high blood pressure who ate 3.5 ounces of dark chocolate 
per day for two weeks their blood pressure drop quickly.
Muscle magic
Chocolate milk may help you recover after a hard workout(鍛煉). In a small study at Indiana University, people who drank chocolate milk between workouts did better on a tiredness test than those who had some sports drinks.
Better for your skin. German researchers gave 24 women a half-cup of special cocoa every day. After three months, the women’s skin was moister(滑潤的)and smoother. The research shows that chocolate helps protect and increase blood flow to the skin, improving its appearance.
Brain gains
It sounds almost too good to be true, but research suggests that chocolate may improve your memory, attention span, reaction time, and problem-solving by increasing blood flow to the brain.
小題1:Which of the following is wrong?                                            
A．Coca’s chemicals can prevent both cell damage and inflammation.
B．Chocolate may help you lower your blood pressure.
C．People early know chocolate is good for their health.
D．Chocolate may improve your memory, attention span, reaction time, and problem-solving.
小題2:What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence in the fourth paragraph?
A．Sports drinks are better than chocolate milk.
B．Sports drinks can make people easy to be tired.
C．Drinking milk can keep you energetic at work.
D．We should drink chocolate milk between times when we work hard.
小題3:What’s the main idea of the text?
A．Chocolate, a Healthy FoodB．More Chocolate, Less Health
C．Chocolate and Blood PressureD．Advice on Eating Chocolate
小題4:What’s the meaning of “bite their tongues” in the first paragraph?
A．Think of it.B．Speak up. C． Stop talkingD．Listen to it

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案