高三英語基礎(chǔ)知識復習(下)
詞匯復習指要
馬燕 胡小力 范存智
詞匯是語言的建筑材料,這種材料的好壞直接關(guān)系到“建筑質(zhì)量”問題。沒有詞匯,也就沒有聽說讀寫。詞匯是用以表達概念的,離開詞匯就無法表達概念;詞匯不豐富,也必然會影響思想交流。英語單詞不僅有它的本義、轉(zhuǎn)義和寓意,用法上還有其復雜的搭配關(guān)系。我們要學好外語,要把自己的語言建構(gòu)成高質(zhì)量的語言,首先要過好詞匯關(guān)。
根據(jù)語言學家的估計和統(tǒng)計,英語詞匯雖然在50萬以上,然而大部分不是常用詞匯。一般性的口語和書面語常用詞匯只有3000~5000。掌握3000個詞就可以完成用英語進行的交際任務(wù)的90%。而如果掌握5000個英語詞,就可以完成95%以上的交際任務(wù),例如:閱讀一般性的英文原著。常用詞一可當十,而且在口語和書面語中重復率高,搭配范圍廣,所以既容易記憶,也容易學會使用。同時常用詞中包括大部分英語詞根,這些詞大都派生性很強,一個詞通過加前綴和后綴,可以構(gòu)成許多其他的詞。從這些方面看,學習英語詞匯要以常用詞為主,是提高學習效率的重要途徑之一。
根據(jù)2000年考試大綱,高考英語要求掌握2000詞匯(見高考英語說明詞匯表),基本上是常用詞匯,這2000詞匯中通過一詞多義以及構(gòu)詞法還能夠派生出更多的詞。高三的考生對教材中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞匯,要根據(jù)自己的實力進行認讀理解記憶。2000詞匯的記憶是考生感到比較困難的,因為詞匯量比較大,不知如何復習,不少考生就放棄了詞匯復習,導致高考成績很難有大的提高。由于詞匯量有限,閱讀和寫作能力都會受到影響,例如以下兩篇考生的作文,由于詞匯使用的能力不同,表達能力也顯然不同。
低分作文:
Dear Helen,
I’ve read your advertisement in a magazine. I want to be pen-friends with you.
My name is Wang Lin. I am living in a tradition Chinese family. My father is a bus-driver. My mother is a worker, and my sister is a nurse. They are working hard.
Now I’m studying in the Shanghai School. My school is very beautiful. I also learned a lot of in this school. So, I also like play tennis.
I am waiting for your answer.
Yours,
Wang Lin
高分作用:
Dear Helen,
I am writing this letter in response to your advertisement.
I am a girl of the same age with you. And I come from a happy and warm family, which includes my father, my mother, my sister and me. I am studying in a high school far from my hometown, but I never regretted for my own choice, for the life here is very colorful and challenging. I am interested in stamp collection and I have colleted more than three thousand stamps. I also like swimming, playing tennis and some other sports.
I wish that one day we could be good friends.
Yours Truly,
Wang Lin
高三考生要重視詞匯的梳理,詞匯的復習不能簡單地理解成只是簡單的記憶
英語單詞的中文意思(這是高考詞匯復習的誤區(qū))。高考詞匯的復習應該著眼于對詞匯進行更高層次地梳理,例如進行分級、分類處理,有利于進行有重點性地進行記憶理解。并且要加大詞匯靈活運用能力的訓練,例如一詞多義、搭配、轉(zhuǎn)義的復習,例如以下句中 gift在不同語境中,表達的意思就不同:
1. Her mother bought a CD for Mary’s birthday gift (=present).
2. He has a gift for learning math. (=talent)
3. The last question in my exam paper was a gift. (=very easy)
所有學所生要通過詞匯的復習開發(fā)記憶的能力、提高記憶的技巧、掌握記憶的方法。
高考詞匯復習方法:
一、分級處理
1、 初級詞匯1200:初中所學詞匯(教學大綱詞匯表1)例如下面所列詞匯
對考生來說比較容易,在認讀方面應該沒有問題。它們是保證及格的詞匯;例如聽力部分、語言知識運用部分這些詞匯復現(xiàn)率高。但是,在復習的時候要特別注意它們的靈活運用,例如 share用做名詞時其含義是什么?fit 與suit有什么區(qū)別?這些都是高考的失分點。
size skin share salt smell soft simple silent science screen suit ready reach reason repair raise quiet public proud price problem polite pleasure period ocean office notice nation nature model museum market minute machine medicine main list lecture judge interest invite imagine hurt hate hobby health gather foreign fresh favorite fit eager during correct ….
二、分類處理
1、動詞:英語的動詞既有種類之分,也有形式變化之分。此外,英語的動
詞還有形式變化的規(guī)則與不規(guī)則之分。由于動詞是支撐英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)的“棟梁詞”,因此,英語基本功打得如何主要取決于對動詞知識的掌握和運用的如何。尤其是動詞結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握,動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)是動詞表義的途徑,是支撐起動詞表義網(wǎng)的“綱”。能駕馭動詞的基本結(jié)構(gòu),就能支撐起語義表達的整體框架;例如把握了 prevent sb from doing 的結(jié)構(gòu),就能用其表達Parents are encouraged to prevent their children from spending too much time playing computer games.的意思了。動詞復習要重視不同動詞結(jié)構(gòu)不同語義的把握,例如regret to, regret doing; risk doing; devote… to doing; fail to do; refuse to do; happen to do; succeed in; dream of; believe in; agree with; insist on; refer to; stand for; object to 等等。
accept, achieve, agree, allow, argue, attempt, attend, attract, avoid, beg, beat, behave, benefit, blame, break, carry, catch, cause, change, choose, compare, decide, delay, deliver, depend, design, destroy, devote, discuss, divide, doubt, encourage, expect, explain, express, fail, fetch, force, forget, form, gather, grow, hear, hurt, imagine, include, interview, lead, lie, lift, mean, move, notice, obey, operate, permit, point, praise, promise, provide, prove, remain, raise, regard, regret, realize, seek, settle, share, spend, suffer, support, suppose, succeed, smell….
2、 動詞短語:以考綱詞匯表所列動詞短語為主進行復習,這些短語是比較
活躍的常見短語,也是考生不易得分的短語;
1) News reports say peace talks between the two countries____ with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out C. have broken in D. have broken up
正確答案A。break down“中斷,失敗”,break out“爆發(fā)”,break in“打
斷”,break up“打碎,拆散”。
2) If English is not our first language you can often be puzzled by ways of expression that the native speaker of English does not even have to ______.
A. think out B. think about C. think over D. think for
正確答案為B。think out“想出,琢磨透”,think about“考慮,思索”,think over
“反復考慮,斟酌”,think for非固定搭配。
3) I was _____ in the middle of my call because I had no more pennies to put in the box.
A. broken in B. cut off C. hung up D. cut down
正確答案B,意思為“(打電話過程中電話被)切斷”。break in “闖入”,hang up “掛斷電話” 該詞組不能用被動語態(tài),cut down“減少、降低”。
4) Mrs. Smith _____ tears when she had heard her daughter had died in the road accident.
A. broke in B. broke up C. broke through D. broke into
正確答案D, break into “突然……(起來) ”,例如:break into cheer“突然歡呼起來”, break into a run“突然跑起來”。broke in “闖入,打斷”,broke up“解散,解體”,broke through“突破,突圍”。
5) The American pianist who had been praised highly _____ to be a great disappointment.
A. turned on B. turned over C. turned out D. turned down
正確答案C, turn out意思為“原來是,(結(jié)果)竟然是”。
6) When at the party, be sure not to _____ from the person who tries to encourage you in conversation.
A. turn away B. turn down C. turn off D. turn back
正確答案A,該詞組可以與起后from搭配表示“走開,離開”。turn down “拒絕,調(diào)小(音量)”, turn off “熄滅,關(guān)掉”, turn back “返回”。
7) The editor told me if I could _____ my story to 2,000 words, they would take it.
A. cut short B. cut off C. cut down D. cut out
正確答案A,意思為“剪短,削短”。cut off“截止,中斷供應”,cut down“減少”,cut on smoking“減少吸煙”。cut out“刪除,劃掉”。
8) Now that we have lost all the money, it’s no use _____ me and saying it’s all my fault.
A. talking on B. coming on C. counting on D. turning on
正確答案D,意思為“對……發(fā)怒, 向……突然襲擊”。The dog
turned on the boy and bit him in the leg.“那條狗向那個男孩撲去,在他的腿上咬了一口! talk on “談?wù)?”,come on“偶遇”,count on“依賴”。
9) The city government is going to take measures to ______ the price.
A. bring down B. put down C. turn down D. settle down
正確答案A, 意思為“降低”; put down“記下,鎮(zhèn)壓,熄滅”,settle down“定居,安家”。
10) Attendances at cinemas have _____ greatly since the invention of TV sets.
A. dropped in B. dropped off C. dropped out D. dropped on
正確答案B, 意思為“跌落,減少”。drop in at (some place), drop in on sb“偶然拜訪”。drop out “脫離,中途退出”。 例如:Smith dropped out of the team. 史密斯不參加那個隊了。
高三詞匯復習要對以下動詞短語進行整理,把握好它們的用法有利于語言表達的豐富,生動。
break down break up break out break in call at call out call on call for
come down come up come in come out come on come across come along
get along get away get back get down get in get on get off get through give back give in give out give away give up go away go by go on go out go over look after look at look for look out look forward to make up make out make from make in make fun of put away put on put up put out put down take in take out take away take on take down take up take off take place turn into turn off turn on turn to turn down turn up turn out turn over set out set up set off set free work on work out carry on carry out hear from hear of join in join up pay for pay off pick up pick out point to point out
高考詞匯記憶策略
1、 利用同義詞、反義詞記憶詞匯: 利用英英釋義記憶,培養(yǎng)英語語感。
1) 同義詞funny --amusing sad--mourn journey--trip tale―story huge--large ready--prepare hurt--injure ancient--old….
2) 反義詞 drop--lift sorrow--joy enter--leave rough--smooth
peculiar--common young --aged employ--hire
2、 利用句意理解、朗讀、背誦記憶詞匯:理解記憶會使記憶的單詞更牢固。
1) I only wear this suit on special occasions.
2) The relations between our two countries are improving.
3) These rules are intended to prevent accidents.
4) This method has the advantages of saving a lot of fuel.
5) The government has announced that electricity charges will go up this summer.
6) I compared the copy with the original, and there wasn’t much difference.
7) I like the style of his writing but I don’t like the content.
8) John seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
9) He has made an important contribution to the company’s success.
10) The arrangement suits his convenience very well.
11) Her encouragement determined me to carry on with the work.
12) Heavy traffic is causing serious delays on all routes to the coast.
13) Their efforts to improve the school have been very effective.
14) Fortunately, the fire was discovered soon after it had started.
15) Listening to the music has a calming influence on her.
16) The hotel offers the highest standards of comfort and service.
17) I’d like to go to the concert, but I haven’t any transport.
18) She didn’t like the work because it lacked variety; she was doing the same things all the time.
19) They rewarded the boy with $5 for bringing the lost dog.
20) I get along with others easily, which is especially useful for a volunteer.
3、短文理解記憶詞匯:理解、欣賞、記憶、模仿。
Recently I’ve made a survey about the school uniforms and found out that students have (1) d ________ opinions about wearing uniforms.
The majority of the students are in (2) f _______ of wearing school uniforms, in whose opinion, it is good for (3) t________ the students’ character and it is good for the school administration. Students can be (4) e________ to have the good qualities of diligence, discipline and modesty by wearing school uniforms. Moreover, it can help (5) a _______ sorting the students by their clothing.
However, some students are (6) a_______ wearing school uniforms, for they think the (7) d ______ of the school uniform is rather plain and the color (is) quite dull. In addition, it is very uncomfortable to wear school uniforms. In their minds, wearing school uniforms is no good for the development of students’ (8) p ______.
On the whole, students have different ideas about wearing uniforms. It may help the student management, but not good for personality development.
(key: 1. different 2. favor 3. training 4. encouraged 5. avoid
1. take, bring, carry, fetch
take 拿, 拿走(to carry, lead, or cause to go along to another place)
bring 拿來, 帶來(to take with oneself to a place)
carry 攜帶, 運送(to take from one place to another; transport)
fetch 接來, 取來, 帶來( to come or go after and take or bring back)
Don't forget to ________ your umbrella when you leave. It’s going to rain.
This wonderful plane can _______ seven passengers.
2. speak, say, talk, chat, voice, announce
speak 說話, 談話, 說明事實, 表示意見, 發(fā)言, 演講, 操(某種語言)
say說, 講, 背誦, 念, 表示, 比方說, 假定
talk談話, 講, 談?wù)? 議論, 說服某人做某事
chat閑談:輕松隨便地進行交談;閑談,聊天(to converse in an easy, familiar manner; talk lightly and casually)
voice表達;說出(to give voice to; utter)
announce 宣布,通告(to tell a lot of people)
If I have a birthday party, I want to ________ it to my friends.
Can you ______ him into joining us in the project?
The two friends sat in a corner and _______ away about the price of stocks and shares.
3. listen, hear, sound,
listen 聽,listen to
hear 聽到, 聽說, 聽取,
sound 發(fā)出聲音, 回響, 測深, 聽起來; 使發(fā)聲, 宣告, 聽診;
His explanation ________ all right.
You should ____________ the teacher if you want to learn.
4. look, see, watch, observe, glance, stare, glare,
look vi.看, 注意, 朝著, 好象, 顯得vt. 打量, 注視, 用眼神(或臉色)表示, 期待
see 看, 看見, 了解, 領(lǐng)會, 注意, 留心, 經(jīng)歷, 閱歷
watch 看, 注視, 照顧, 監(jiān)視, 警戒, 守護, 看守,等待
observe觀察, 觀測, 遵守, 評述, 說
glance掃視, 匆匆一看glance at
stare 凝視, 盯著看stare at
glare怒目而視;瞪眼 glare at
He _________ at the word trying to remember what it meant.
They were ___________ entering the bank.
When and how do you ________ Martin Luther King Jr Day?
She _________ her moment to cross the road.
5. wear, put on, pull on, have on,
wear (表狀態(tài))穿著;佩戴;留蓄; wear out用壞,用破; 疲乏,疲倦
put on (表動作)穿上, 把...放在上, 裝出, 假裝, 增加, 欺騙, 添上, 使靠...維持生命
pull on(表動作)穿, 戴, 繼續(xù)拉
have on (表狀態(tài))穿著, 戴著, 在手頭, 使上鉤
Those who ______ long hair are studying art.
6. buy, take, get, offer
buy買 buy sb sth 給某人買某物; buy sth for (具體錢數(shù))花……錢買東西;sth for buy off行賄;用錢疏通 (= buy over); buy out買下所有權(quán); buy up全部買進
take所需,必備,花費:It takes sb st to do sth.
get買;購買
offer出價, 出售
spend花(時間, 錢) sb spends time / money on sth / (in) doing sth
Just a minute, it won't ________ me long to change.
It _________ money to live in that town.
He _________ me 300 dollars for that television.
How long do you ______ doing your homework every day?
7. bury, hide
bury 埋葬, 掩埋, 隱藏(cover something up, to put something on top of)
hide 隱藏, 掩藏, 隱瞞, 掩飾(putting something somewhere so you can not find it)
He could not ________ his embarrassment.
She ______ her feelings.
Many men were ________ underground when there was an accident at the mine.
The students are ________ themselves in their studies.
8. solve, settle,
solve解決, 解答(to find an answer or solution to)
settle 解決(to reach an agreement about sth, to end an argument), 決定, 整理, 支付, 使平靜, 安放, 使定居, 安排,
They _______ the dispute without going to court.
The police are trying to _______ the crime.
9. make, do
make做;制造;創(chuàng)造(to produce sth or to cause sth to appear); make it = be successful
do 做,干,進行;忙(to perform an action)
perform 做(比do正式),履行, 執(zhí)行, 表演, 演出
Can you _____ me a cup of tea, please?
It’s silly for me to ______ the same mistake again.
The doctor is busy _______ an operation on a patient.
She’ll never ________ it as an actress.
10. hope, wish, expect,
hope希望, 盼望, 期待, 信賴 hope to do / that
wish希望, 想要, 但愿, 祝賀 wish (sb) to do that (虛擬)
expect期待, 預期, 盼望, 指望, <口>(料)想, 認為 expect (sb) to do / that
My mother _________ me home at midnight every day.
I ________ I were 30 years younger.
I _______ you'll be better soon.
11. stay, remain, continue,
stay 暫住, 維持,
remain保持, 逗留, 剩余, 殘存
continue繼續(xù), 連續(xù), 延伸
I went to the city, but my brother ________ at home.
According to the weather report, the weather will ________ fine till this weekend.
How can you _______ so cool, calm and collected after such a hot argument?
Can you _______ behind to give me a hand?
They are divorced and they ________ friends.
12. stand, tolerate, bear
stand 持久, 經(jīng)受 (to put up with)
tolerate忍受, 容忍, 允許(to permit)
bear 負擔, 忍受 (to be able to tolerate something or handle something, usually something that is difficult)
They ______ the test of time, but they didn’t ______ the test of money.
The ice is too thin to _______ your weight.
We can’t ______ his rudeness.
13. break down崩潰,瓦解;(健康、精神崩潰)垮掉;失; break up打碎;大學放假;(物理)分解;分開,分散;結(jié)束;制止;break out爆發(fā);break in破門而入break off折斷;中斷;break the ice打破冷場;
He overworked and finally _______.
Talks between the two countries have completely _______.
When do you ________ for the summer holiday?
The meeting _______ just before lunch.
14. come about發(fā)生come out結(jié)果出來;出版;泄露;開花 come across偶遇;被理解come true變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實come up走上前;被提出;長出地面;走近;升起come up with產(chǎn)生,發(fā)現(xiàn)(解決辦法、答案等)come along一起來come back回來;頂嘴 come to總計;清醒過來
The girl is clever and she always ______ good ideas whenever she is in trouble.
How did that ________?
Only one of our photos ________.
15. give in遞交,投降; give up放棄,結(jié)束,奉獻,讓出; give out 宣告,放出,分發(fā),用光,耗盡;give away 贈送, 泄露,揭發(fā),背叛; give back歸還
When she got older she ______ all her toys ________.
Could you _______ the papers to your classmates?
He never _________ to any difficulty.
16. get along\on (with)進展,相處get away逃脫,設(shè)法離開get down下來;下車 get off出發(fā);下班 get together聚會get up 起床;組織,籌劃 get through 接通;通過;花費 get back取回;回到某地;繼續(xù)做 get down to開始認真干 get over克服,成功應付;恢復,復原
Let’s _______ to the point you raised earlier.
He kept talking and I couldn’t _________ from him.
I must _________ answering these emails.
She worked so hard and ________ the final exams easily.
17. pay back報復 (= pay off, pay out, serve out) , 償還, 償付; pay off 還清, 償清, 報復,償還, 結(jié)清工資解雇(某人),成功; pay out 花費,支出, 放松(繩子),放出; pay up(不情愿地)付清;還清(債務(wù))
I'll certainly _____ you ______ for what you did to me!
Our plan certainly _________; it was a great idea.
I __________ a lot of money for that car.
18. turn out結(jié)果是, 關(guān)上(電燈), 趕出, 生產(chǎn),制造 turn down 拒絕,調(diào)小turn off 關(guān)掉;不喜歡turn over打翻,仔細思量,翻耕,移交 turn in 上交(作業(yè)等),拐入turn into變成,翻譯turn on打開,取決于turn to求助于,翻到 turn up調(diào)大;出現(xiàn),
We politely _________ the invitation.
The criminal _______ herself _______.
Don’t worry. The papers will ________ sooner or later.
The new player __________ to be the best hitter on the team.
19. take in吸收, 欺騙,誘騙 take for 誤認為take out 拿出 take down 放下take up從事;拿起;占據(jù)(時間或空間)take off 飛機起飛;脫下;休假;走紅take by攻占 take along 隨身攜帶take away帶走,拿走;使離去take back 收回(說錯的話);退回(所購商品);使憶起take charge 負責,掌管 take on呈現(xiàn);雇傭 take over 接管,接任take place發(fā)生
I was completely _______ by her story.
The firm is being _______ by a large company.
I’ve ________ yoga(瑜伽) recently.
20. have sth to do 有某事要做 have nothing / little / something /much to do with … 與……沒有/幾乎沒有/有點/很大關(guān)系 have … do / doing / done 讓 / 把 ……做/在做/被做 have sth in common with … 與……有共同之處 have done with … 停止,結(jié)束 have on 穿戴,欺騙,計劃,安排
I would have him ______ (等) for me at the gate of the park.
I had my watch ________(偷) last night.
What do you ________ (計劃)for the party?
They ____________(沒有關(guān)系) me; I’ve never seen them.
I had no room ________ (住) and slept on the street.
1. take, carry 2. announce, talked, chatted; 3. sounds, listen to; 4. stared, observed/seen, observe, watched; 5. wear/are wearing, 6. take, takes, offered, spend; 7. hide, hid, buried, burying; 8. settled, solve; 9. make, make, perform, make; 10. expects, wish, hope; 11. remained/stayed, continue/stay, stay, stay, remain; 12. stood, stand, bear, tolerate; 13. broke down, broken down, break up, broke up; 14. comes up with, come about, come out; 15. gave…away, give out, gives in; 16. get back, get away, get down to, got through; 17. pay…back, paid off, paid out; 18. turned down, turned…in, turn up, turned out; 19. taken in, taken over, taken up;20. wait, stolen, have on, have nothing to do with, to live in
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