We may all have had the embarrassing moment: Getting half-way through a story only to realize that we’ve told this exact tale before, to the same person. Why do we make such memory mistakes?
According to research published in Psychological Science, it may have to do with the way our brains process different types of memory.
Researchers Nigel Gopie, of the Rotman Research Institute in Toronto, and Colin Macleod, of the University of Waterloo, divided memory into two kinds. The first was source memory, or the ability to keep track of where information is coming from. The second was destination memory, or the ability to recall who we have given information to.
They found that source memory functions better than destination memory, in part because of the direction in which that information is travelling.
To study the differences between source and destination memory, the researchers did an experiment on 60 university students, according to a New York Times report. The students were asked to associate (聯(lián)想) 50 random ( 隨意的) facts with the faces of 50 famous people. Half of the students "told" each fact to one of the faces, reading it aloud when the celebrity's (名人的) picture appeared on a computer screen. The other half read each fact silently and saw a different celebrity picture afterward.
When later asked to recall which facts went with which faces, the students who were giving information out (destination memory) scored about 16 percent lower on memory performance compared with the students receiving information (source memory).
The researchers concluded that out-going information was less associated with its environmental context （背景）---- that is, the person ---- than was incoming information.
This makes sense given what is known about attention. A person who is giving information, even little facts, will devote some mental resources to thinking about what is being said. Because our attention is limited, we give less attention to the person we are giving information to.
After a second experiment with another group of 40 students, the researchers concluded that self-focus is another factor that undermines destination memory.
They asked half the students to continue giving out random information, while the other told things about themselves. This time around, those who were talking about themselves did 15 percent worse than those giving random information.
"When you start telling these personal facts compared with non-self facts, suddenly destination memory goes down more, suggesting that it is the self-focus component ( 成分) that's reducing the memory, Gopie told Live Science.
72. The point of this article is to ____.
A. give advice on how to improve memory
B. say what causes the memory to worsen
C. explain why we repeat stories to those we've already told them to
D. discuss the differences between source and destination memory
73. What can we learn from the article?
A. Source memory helps us remember who we have told the information to.
B. One's limited attention is one of the reasons why those reading aloud to the celebrity's pictures perform worse on the memory test.
C. Silent reading is a better way to remember information than reading aloud.
D. It tends to be more difficult for people to link incoming information with its environmental context than outgoing information.
74. The underlined word "undermines" probably means ____.
A. weakens         B. benefits        C. explains        D. supports
75. What did the scientists conclude from the second experiment?
A. Destination memory is weaker than source memory.
B. Focusing attention on oneself leads to relatively poor source memory performance.
C. Associating personal experience with information helps people memorize better.
D. Self-focus is responsible for giving information twice or more to the same person.

小題1:C
小題2:B
小題3:A
小題4:D
         
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Ⅲ 閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）
第一節(jié) 閱讀理解（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
Can you believe your eyes? A recent experiment suggests that the answer to that question may depend on your age.
Martin Doherty, a psychologist at the University of Stirling in Scotland, led the team of scientists. In this experiment, Doherty and his team tested the perception(觀察力) of some people, using pictures of some orange circles. The researchers showed the same pictures to two groups of people. The first group included 151 children aged 4 to 10, and the second group included 24 adults aged 18 to 25.
The first group of pictures showed two circles alone on a white background. One of the circles was larger than the other, and these people were asked to identify the larger one. Four-year-olds identified the correct circle 79 percent of the time. Adults identified the correct circle 95 percent of the time.
Next, both groups were shown a picture where the orange circles, again of different sizes, were surrounded by gray circles. Here’s where the trick lies in. In some of the pictures, the smaller orange circle was surrounded by even smaller gray circles — making the orange circle appear larger than the other orange circle, which was the real larger one. And the larger orange circle was surrounded by even bigger gray circles — so it appeared to be smaller than the real smaller orange circle.
When young children aged 4 to 6 looked at these tricky pictures, they weren’t fooled — they were still able to find the bigger circle with roughly the same accuracy as before. Older children and adults, on the other hand, did not do as well. Older children often identified the smaller circle as the larger one, and adults got it wrong most of the time.
As children get older, Doherty said, their brains may develop the ability to identify visual context. In other words, they will begin to process the whole picture at once: the tricky gray circles, as well as the orange circle in the middle. As a result, they’re more likely to fall for this kind of visual trick.
41．Doherty and his team of scientists did an experiment to evaluate        .
A．children’s and adults’ eye-sight
B．people’s ability to see accurately
C．children’s and adults’ brains
D．the influence of people’s age
42．When asked to find the larger circle,        .
A．children at 6 got it wrong 79 % of the time with no gray ones around
B．only adults over 18 got it right 95% of the time with gray ones around
C．children at 4 got it right about 79 % of the time with gray ones around
D．a(chǎn)dults got it right most of the time with gray ones around
43．According to the passage, we can know that        .
A．a(chǎn) smaller orange circle appears bigger on a white background
B．a(chǎn)n orange circle appears bigger than a gray one of the same size
C．a(chǎn) circle surrounded by other circles looks bigger than its real size
D．a(chǎn) circle surrounded by bigger ones looks smaller than its real size
44．Visual context may work when children get older than        .
A．4                           B．6                            C．10                          D．18
45．Why are younger children not fooled?
A．Because they are smarter than older children and adults.
B．Because older people are influenced by their experience.
C．Because people’s eyes become weaker as they grow older.
D．Because their brain can hardly notice related things together.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解






There are many international organizations which work to save and protect endangered species(物種)and natural environment．If you would like more information about any of the organizations listed below, you can write to the addresses given．
Friends of the Earth(FOE)campaigns on a range of problems including rainforests，the countryside，water and air pollution and energy·
Friends of the Earth International Secretariat P．O．Box 19199
1000 G．D．
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Greenpeace uses peaceful but direct action to defend the environment. It campaigns to protect rainforests and sea animals，stop global
warming and end pollution of air，land and seas．It also opposes nuclear(核)power．
Greenpeace International
Keizergracht 176
1016 DW Amsterdam
The Netherlands
BirdLife International is an organization
which works to save endangered birds all over the world．
BirdLife International
Wellbrook Court
Girton Road
Cambridge CB3 ONA
England
WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature is the world's  largest  private  international organization for the protection of nature and endangered species．
Information Officer
WWF International
Avenue du Mont-Blanc
1196 Gland
Switzerland
66．If you want to learn more about the organizations，you can        ．
A．call them     B．write them a letter    C．visit them    D．send them an e-mail
67．BirdLife International is an organization trying to            ．
A．reduce pollution                              B．defend rainforests
C．protect ocean animals                          D．save endangered birds
68．If you oppose nuclear power，you can join         ．
A．Friends of the Earth                         B．World Wide Fund For Nature
C．Greenpeace                                        D．BirdLife International
69．What can we learn about WWF?
A．It helps to protect nature and save endangered animals．
B．It is the world’s largest international organization．
C．It works for private companies and rich people．
D．It is a private organization in the United States．
70．Which is the best title for the passage?
A．Environmental Protection Organizations          B．Global Traffic Problems
C．Endangered Animals                                  D．Natural Beauty

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


The exact number of English words is not known. The large dictionaries have over half a million entries, but many of these are compound words (schoolroom, sugar bowl) or different derivatives of the same word (rare—rarely, rarefy), and a good many are obsolete words to help us read older literature. Dictionaries do not attempt to cover completely words that we can draw on: the informal vocabulary, especially slang, localism, the terms of various occupations and professions; words use only occasionally by scientists and specialists in many fields; foreign words borrowed for use in English; or many new words or new senses of words that come into use every year and that may or may not be used long enough to warrant being included. It would be conservative to say that there are over a million English words that any of us might meet in our listening and reading and that we may draw on in our speaking and writing.
Professor Seashore concluded that first?graders enter school with at least 2,000 words and add 5,000 each year so that they leave high school with at least 80,000. These figures are for recognition vocabulary, the words we understand when we read or hear them. Our active vocabulary, the words we use in speaking and writing, is considerably smaller.
You cannot always produce a word exactly when you want it. But consciously using the words you recognize in reading will help get them into your active vocabulary. Occasionally in your reading pay particular attention to these words, especially when the subject is one that you might well write or talk about. Underline or make a list of words that you feel a need for and look up the less familiar ones in a dictionary. And then before very long find a way to use some of them.
Once you know how they are pronounced and what they stand for, you can safely use them.
46. In the author´s estimation, there are ____ words in English.
A. more than half a million                B. at least 24,000
C. at least 80,000                       D. more than a million
47. The word “obsolete” most probably means ____.
A. no longer in use  B. profound   C. colorful or amusing   D. common
48. One´s recognition vocabulary is ____.
A. less often used than his active vocabulary
B. smaller than his active vocabulary
C. as large as his active vocabulary
D. much larger than his active vocabulary
49. The author does not suggest getting recognition vocabulary into active vocabulary by ____.
A. making a list of words you need and looking up the new ones in a dictionary
B. everyday spending half an hour study the dictionary
C. consciously using the words you recognize in reading
D. trying to use the words you recognize
50. From this passage we learn that ____.
A. dictionaries completely cover the words we can make use of
B. “schoolroom” is used in the passage as an example of a specialized term
C. once you know how a word is pronounced and what it represents, you have turned it into your active word
D. active vocabulary refers to words we understand when we read and hear them

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


In America, drivers’ education is part of the regular high school curriculum. Every student in his or her second year of high school is required to take a class in driver’s education. However, unlike other courses, it is not given during the regular school year. Instead it is a summer course.?
The course is divided up into two parts: class time for learning laws and regulations and driving time to practise driving. Class time is not unlike any other class. The students have a text from which they study the basic laws they must know to pass the written driving test that is given to anyone wanting to get a driver’s license.?
Driving time is a chance for the students to get behind the wheel (steering wheel) and practice starting steering, backing up, parking, switching lanes, turning corners, and all the other maneuvers (操作) required to drive a car. Each student is required to drive a total of six hours. The students are divided up into groups of four. The students and the instructor go out driving for two hour blocks of time. Thus, each student gets half an hour driving time per outing. The instructor and “driver” sit in the front seats and the other three students sit in the back.?
Drivers Ed cars are unlike other cars in which they have two sets of brakes, one on the driver’s side and one on the other side where the instructor sits. Thus, if the student driver should run into difficulties the instructor can take over. The car also has another special feature. On the top of the car is a sign that reads: STUDENT DRIVER. That lets nearby drivers know that they should use extra caution(小心) the student driver is a beginning driver, not very experienced and prone to driving slowly.?
After the student has passed the driver’s education course and reached the appropriate age to drive (this age differs in every state but in most cases the person must be 16 years old), they can go to a designated state office to take their driver’s test, which is made up of an eye examination, a written test, and a road test. The person must pass all three tests in order to be given a driver’s license. If the person did well in his or her driver’s education class, he or she will pass the test with flying colors and get a driver’s license.?
1. In America, the driver’s course mentioned above___________.
A. is considered as part of the advanced education?
B. is given to anyone wanting to get a driver’s license?
C. is carried on at the same time as other courses?
D. is offered to all the students of Grade 2 in high schools
2. To prevent accidents, a drivers Ed car______________.?
A. has a sign inside it                                B. has two sets of brakes?
C. is big enough to hold five persons           D. can’t run very fast
3. We can infer that the students are required to ______ in their whole driving practice.
A. go out driving for twelve times                     B. spend at least six hours driving?
C. drive for two hour blocks of time           D. get half an hour driving
4. Which of the following does not agree with the requirements for the students wanting to get their driver’s license? ?
A. They must be 16 years of age
B. They should go to have their driver’s test
C. They must have their eyes examined
D. They ought to do well in their driver’s course
5 In the last sentence, “with flying colors” means______________.?
A. happily                                                B. successfully           
C. colorfully                                                D. quickly

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


High-tech machines have made life easier for millions around the world. However, some people still prefer low-tech ways of doing things. Here’s an example of why this is happening. You can microwave a frozen hamburger in 60 seconds. However, it won’t taste as good as one you cook on the stove. And if you’re in that much of a hurry, you probably won’t take time to toast the bun. High-tech cooking saves time, but it doesn’t make for better tasting meals.
Most people get their news from high-tech sources like television or the Internet. This has many advantages. For example, electronic news is more up to date than newspapers or magazines. It’s also more exciting to see live and videotaped news events than photographs. However, newspapers and magazines have some important advantages. They give more background and details. They also let you read the parts that are important to you and skip the rest.
Other high-tech timesavers have similar disadvantages. For example, most people use the phone or email to stay in touch with friends and family members who live in other places. But when you use the Internet or the phone, you don’t always think carefully about what you are saying, and sometimes you forget the important things you want to communicate. Similarly, when you word process a home work assignment instead of handwriting it, you can check your spelling electronically and put in fancy headings. However, some students are so busy with the computer that they don’t pay enough attention to the actual words they are writing.
72. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The writer likes high-tech cooking.
B. Low-tech cooking produces better-tasting meals.
C. High—tech news programs always keep you reading what is important to you.
D. Handwritten homework is better than word-processed homework. 
73. How does the writer feel about high—tech tools?
A. Better late than never.                        B. Easy come, easy go.
C. Every coin has two sides.                     D. Learn to walk before you run.
74. What is the main subject discussed in the text?
A. High—tech vs. low—tech.
B. Advantages vs. disadvantages.
C. Newspapers and magazines vs. television and the Internet.
D. Word—processing vs. handwriting.
75. How is the text organized?
A. Main idea — Argument — Explanation.
B. Opinion — Discussion — Description.
C. Topic — Comparison — Supporting examples.
D. Introduction — Supporting examples — Discussion.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


National Geographic Society
17 TH and M Streets N.W., Washington D.C．20036 U.S.A.
The year is 1991．But just for a moment you will feel the centuries roll back.
Close your eyes and you can almost see Charlemagne kneeling to receive his crown as Holy Roman Emperor.
Or an ageing Michelangelo standing in the middle of rubble （碎石）, staring at the still unbuilt, sky-size dome （圓頂大廈）above.
You are in St. Peter’s Basilica, heart of one of the most attractive nations in the world …
Dear friend,
Every now and then, you visit a place that leaves a lasting impression – and memories that remain long after you’ve returned home. The Vatican is one of those unforgettable places.
As a devoted traveler, I have always believed that there is no replacement for being there. That is, before I saw National Geographic’s new volume （書(shū)卷）with my own eyes.
Inside the Vatican
In some ways it’s better than being there. Two experienced Geographic staff members – award-winning photographer James Stansfield and writer Bart Mcdowell – show you a side of the Vatican that you could never see if you were to visit as an ordinary tourist.
You’ll view sights and treasures that only a few are ever allowed to observe, and have extraordinary opportunity to be close to the Vatican’s museums and ceremonies, and to the people who live and work there.
Examine this magnificent volume – free in your home
You’re invited to reserve this attractive new volume now. Simply return the enclosed Reservation Card and your edition will be shipped for your free examination.
Send no money. I’m confident that once you see this amazing book, you won’t be able to put it down! INSIDE THE VATICAN offers you and your family many hours of delight and attraction.
With no risk, and no requirement to buy, why not take a moment now while you’re thinking of it – and mail the enclosed card?
We look forward to having you join us on this unusual journey.
Sincerely,
Michela English
P.S. Remember, too, that this beautiful volume is a perfect gift for anyone who loves travel, history, or art. But it’s available only by direct order through the society.
53．The part before the letter ________.
A．describes ancient Roman Emperor Charlemagne
B．introduces Vatican City, the independent state in Europe
C．tells about the famous Italian scientist and artist Michelangelo
D．gives an imaginary picture of the grandness of National Geographic Society
54．‘Dear Friend’ is used as a greeting because the writer ________.
A．a(chǎn)nd the reader know each other very well
B．a(chǎn)nd the reader have heard about each other
C．would like the reader to trust her
D．would like to get to know the reader
55．What the writer introduces to the reader is based on the volume’s ________.
A．quality of presentation           B．importance of sales
C．historical value                 D．value to collectors
56．The book will appeal to ________.
A．the recipient （接受者）         B．the recipient, his wife and children
C．a(chǎn)rt historians                   D．traveling salesmen

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


第三部分 閱讀理解（共15小題，每題2分，滿分30分）
請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
We find that bright children are seldom held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(按能力分班) pupils. It does not consider the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have had effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright children. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be the bottom of the top grade.
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual(智力) ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We care much about the development of all the pupils’ abilities to the full, not just their study ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching does good to these aspects of learning.
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups; this gives them the chance to learn to work together, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to deal with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze(分析) an devaluate(評(píng)價(jià)) and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teachers.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual(個(gè)人) tasks, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is proper. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this well. An advanced pupil can do advanced work and it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.
56. By “held back” in the first paragraph, the writer means “________”.
A. made to remain in the same class            B. forced to study in the lower class
C. drawn away form their studies         D. prevented from advancing
57. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to ________.
A. argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
B. advise pair work and group work for classroom activity
C. offer advice on the proper use of the library
D. tell us the importance of proper formal classroom teaching
58. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Pair work.      B. Group work.    C. Mixed-ability teaching    D. Individual tasks.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Trees are useful to man in three important ways: they give him wood and other useful things, they give him cool places, and they help to stop drought and flood.
Unluckily, in many parts of the world, man has not found that the third of these points is the most important. Man wants to make money from trees, so he has cut them down in large numbers, only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had. And also, he is usually too careless to plant and look after new trees. So the forests slowly disappear.
This does not only mean that man will have fewer trees. The results are even worse: for where there are trees, their roots break up soil-make the rain in-and also bind the soil, thus stopping it from being washed away easily; but where there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away, causing floods and carrying away the rich top-soil. When all the top-soil is gone, nothing is left but useless desert.
1.The most important points of trees to man is ________.
A. they help him to make money               B. they give him cool
C. they give him wood and other things       D. they help him to stop drought and floods
2.In many places forests slowly disappear because ________ .
A. many trees have been cut down by man
B. new trees are not well looked after
C. man has not paid enough attention to planting trees
D. all the above
3.Land becomes desert after all trees are cut down because ________ .
A. roots of trees break up the soil   
B. there are too many rainfalls
C. strong winds bring a lot of sand
D. there are no longer trees to keep the rain and protect the top-soil.
4.Which title best fits the passage?
A. Trees and Man                                      B. The Function of Tree Wood
C. How do People do with Trees?                  D. The Usage of Tree Roots

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