Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.
“We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.
Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.
That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.
小題1:How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?
A．They took the order even without being rewarded.
B．They took the order only when rewarded.
C．They turned a deaf ear to repeated orders.
D．They hesitated longer when given repeated orders.
小題2: The research by Frans De Waal in 2003 ___________.
A．originated from Range’s research on dogs.
B．showed that animals do pay attention to inequity.
C．began the argument that only humans are aware of inequity.
D．was conducted to find out how monkeys reacted to humans’ orders.
小題3: Some monkeys in the research become angry because they found another monkey _______.
A．was given less work.
B．was given more food.
C．was given the same type of food.
D．was given more delicious food.
小題4: Range found that, compared with monkeys, dogs ____________.
A．care more about whether they are rewarded.
B．care less about what they are rewarded with.
C．care more about what they are ordered to do.
D．care less about who gives them orders.
小題5: What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Animals have various ways to show their anger.
B．Dogs are less intelligent than monkeys.
C．Dogs have a sense of fairness.
D．Most animals want to be rewarded equally.

小題1:A
小題1:B
小題1:D
小題1:B
小題1:C
略
練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

閱讀下面短文，從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在機(jī)讀卡上相應(yīng)番號(hào)處將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
People who show confidence really seem to have it made. They seize more rewarding careers, keep good relationships, and just seem to do everything with more styles than the rest of us.
So what is the secret? There isn’t one. Self-confidence is a skill and habit that anyone can learn to develop. And although people who are raised in an encouraging environment with confident role models have a hard start in self-confidence development, we all can learn to become more confident at any age.
Try these simple tips for practicing and increasing your self-confidence levels:
Dare to fail. Anybody who’s out there bravely performing is going to fail repeatedly. If you are not failing, you are not trying. So don’t take failure too hard or too personally. Just learn to deal with it and use its lessons to keep improving.
When in doubt, pretend you know what you are doing. Because, if you are confident of your abilities, by the time you have done it, you will be experienced.
Dress for success. You don’t have to be beautiful to be confident. Make the most of your own unique physical characters and weaken your disadvantages.
Listen to yourself. You are the only person who knows what’s right for you. Don’t put others’ opinions above your own inner voice.
Build a confident vocabulary. Stop putting yourself down and give up continually blaming your tiny weaknesses. Learn to show up your strong points and the world will learn to see and celebrate them with you.
Pass on the praise. Praise others for their virtues and strengths. This practice will not decrease your confidence, but help increase it.
小題1: The passage is written mainly __________.
A．to explain the definition of self-confidence
B．to explain the secret of self-confidence
C．to tell people how important self-confidence is
D．to tell people how to build self-confidence
小題2:The underlined word “one” in the second paragraph refers to __________.
A．the secret of self-confidence
B．the skill of self-confidence
C．the style of doing things
D．a(chǎn) rewarding career
小題3:The main idea of the sixth paragraph is __________.
A．to be confident means to have no disadvantages
B．taking full advantage of your physical characters will help you be confident
C．your unique characters will help you be confident and be successful
D．to be confident means to be beautiful
小題4:All the following are tips to increase your self-confidence level EXCEPT_________.
A．not to be afraid of failure
B．dress yourself properly
C．pretend to know everything
D．make your advantages more obvious
小題5:__________ will weaken your self-confidence.
A．Praising others for their strong points
B．Always following others’ advice to do things
C．Giving up blaming your weaknesses
D．Believing in yourself

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Life on earth depends on water, and there is no substitute for it. The current assumption is that our basic needs for water — whether for drinking, agriculture, industry or the raising of fish will always have to be met . Given that premise (前提), there are two basic routes we can go: more equal access to water or better engineering solutions.
Looking at the engineering solution first, a lot of my research concentrates on what happens to wetlands when you build dams in river basins, particularly in Africa. The ecology of such areas is almost entirely driven by the seasonal changes of the river — the pulse of the water. And the fact is that if you build a dam, you generally spoil the downstream ecology. In the past, such problems have been hidden by a lack of information. But in the near future, governments will have no excuse for their ignorance.
The engineers’ ability to control water flows has created new kinds of unpredictability, too. Dams in Africa have meant fewer fish, less grazing and less floodplain (洪泛區(qū)) agriculture — none of which were expected. And their average economic life is assumed to be thirty years. Dams don’t exist forever, but what will replace them is not clear.
The challenge for the future is to find new means of controlling water. Although GM technology (轉(zhuǎn)基因) will allow us to breed better dry-land crops, there is no market for companies to develop crops suitable for the micro-climates of the Sahel and elsewhere in Africa. Who is going to pay for research on locally appropriate crops in the Third World?
小題1:What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．The engineering solutions to water resource and their limitation.
B．The challenge for the future.
C．The basic means of controlling water.
D．The challenge for developing crops.
小題2: Which of the following statements is NOT true for meeting our basic needs for water?
A．Water resource should be used more reasonably.
B．More dams should be built in river basins.
C．More wetlands should be protected from destruction.
D．More dry-land crops could be developed in Africa.
小題3: The author suggests that governments will have no excuse for their careless ignorance in the future because        .
A．The ecological destruction will be known to the public by researchers
B．The ecological destruction will no longer be a problem in the future
C．The future is an information age
D．Governments will face greater challenge in the future
小題4:The author mentions all the problems caused by dams EXCEPT          .
A．fewer fish B．less grazing land
C．less floodplain agriculture D．less farming land
小題5:The last sentence probably implies that          .
A．No one will invest in developing locally appropriate crops in Africa
B．Researchers have no interest in developing dry-land crops
C．Research on locally appropriate crops in the Third World may be profitable
D．There is less water resource in the Third World

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Never go into a supermarket hungry! This is a good piece of advice. If you go shopping for food before lunchtime, you’ll probably buy more than you plan to. Unfortunately, however, just this advice isn’t enough for consumers these days. Modern shoppers need an education in how and how not to buy things at the store. First, you check the weekly newspaper ads. Find out the items that are on sale and decide if you really need these things. In other words, don’t buy anything just because it’s cheaper than usual! “New and Improved!” or “All Natural” on the front of a package influence you. Instead, read the list of ingredients(contents) on the back. Third, compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands and different sizes of the same brand.
Another suggestion for consumers is to buy ordinary items instead of famous brands. Ordinary items in supermarkets come in plain packages. These products are cheaper because producers don’t spend much money on packing or advertising. The quality, however, is usually as good as the quality of well-known name brands. In the same way, in buying clothes, you can often find high quality and low prices in brands that are not famous. Shopping in discount clothing stores can help you save a lot of money. Although these stores aren’t very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.
Wise consumers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials, but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads. In other words, well-informed consumers watch for information and check for misinformation. They ask themselves questions: Is the advertiser hiding something in small print at the bottom of the page? Is there any real information in the commercial, or is the advertiser simply showing an attractive image? With the answers to these questions, consumers can make a wise choice.
小題1:All the following statements are true about the phrase “ordinary items” in Paragraph 2 EXCEPT __________.
A．ordinary items never say “New and Improved” or “All Natural”
B．ordinary products are usually cheaper than famous brands
C．producers spend less money on packaging of ordinary items
D．the quality of ordinary items is usually as good as that of famous brands
小題2:What does the writer think about ads? __________
A．They are believable.B．They are attractive.
C．They are full of misinformation.D．They are helpful to consumers.
小題3:One of the author’s suggestions to consumers is __________.
A．to make use of ads
B．not to buy items with words like “New and Improved” or “All Natural”
C．to buy high quality items such as famous brands after lunch
D．to buy any ordinary items instead of famous brands
小題4:The author implies that __________.
A．going into the supermarket hungry, you may buy more than you plan to
B．the quality of ordinary items is usually high and the prices are relatively low
C．discount clothing stores are good places to go to
D．a(chǎn)ds sometimes don’t tell the truth

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Now satellites are helping to forecast（預(yù)報(bào)）the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere（大氣）, because this is where the weather forms（形成）. They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists（氣象學(xué)家）can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.
Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare（比較）them with earlier ones. Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.
So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead（提前）.
小題1:Satellites travel _____________.
A．in spaceB．in the atmosphere
C．a(chǎn)bove the groundD．a(chǎn)bove space
小題2: Why do we use the weather satellites to take pictures of the atmosphere? Because __________.
A．the weather satellites can do it easily
B．clouds form there
C．the weather forms there
D．the pictures can forecast the weather
小題3:Meteorologists forecast the weather __________.
A．when they have received satellite pictures
B．a(chǎn)fter they have compared new satellite pictures with earlier ones
C．before they received satellite pictures
D．during they study satellite pictures
小題4:The main（主要的）idea of this passage is that satellites are now used in _________.
A．taking pictures of the atmosphere
B．receiving pictures of the atmosphere
C．doing other work in many ways
D．weather forecasting

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Imagine that the genome (基因組) is a book. The book consists of 23 chapters with thousands of stories made up of paragraphs, words and letters on different levels. There are one billion words in the book, which makes it longer than 5,000 volumes the size of this book, or as long as 800 Bibles. If I read the genome out to you at the rate of one word per second for eight hours a day, it would take me a century. If I wrote out the human genome, one letter per millimeter, my text would be as long as the River Danube. This is an enormous document. A huge volume, a cook book of great length, and it all fits inside the extremely small nucleus (核) of a tiny cell that fits easily upon the head of a pin.
The idea of the genome as a book is not, strictly speaking, even a metaphor (比喻), It is true to a great extent. A book is a piece of digital information, written in one-directional form and defined by a code that translates a small alphabet of letters into a large dictionary of meanings through the order of their groupings. So is a genome. The only complication is that all English books read from left to right, while some parts of the genome read from left to right, and some from right to left, though never both at the same time.
While English books are written in words of different lengths using twenty-six letters. Genomes are written entirely in three-letter words, using only four letters, And instead of being written on flat pages, they are written on long chains of DNA molecules (分子), The genome is a very clever book, because in the right conditions it can both photocopy itself and read itself.
小題1:How do human genomes read according to the passage?
A．Only from left to right.B．Only from right to left.
C．From both directions at the same timeD．From one direction at a time
小題2:We can learn from the passage that the human genome ______.
A．is as long as the River Danube
B．can be easily placed on the head of a pin
C．is coded with and alphabet of four letters
D．is smart enough to read and take photos of itself
小題3:It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ______.
A．specialists in the field B．general readers
C．natural scientistsD．readers with academic background
小題4:The real purpose of the author’s comparison of the genome to a book is ______.
A．to focus on the differences between the two
B．to lay emphasis on the similarities between the two
C．to simplify the concept of the human genome
D．to give an exact description of the human genome

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Boom boom!( I’m here, come to me!)
Krak krak!( Watch out, a leopard (豹)！)
Hok hok hok!( Hey, crowned eagle!)
Very good — you’ve already mastered half the basic vocabulary of the Campbell’s monkey, which lives in the forests of the Tai National Park in Ivory Coast. The adult males have six types of call, each with a specific meaning, but they can mix two or more calls together into a message with a different meaning.
Having spent months recording the monkeys’ calls in response to both natural and artificial stimuli (刺激物), a group led by Klaus Zuberbuhler of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland argues that the Campbell’s monkeys have a certain form of syntax(句法).
This is likely to be controversial because despite great effort to teach chimpanzees(大猩猩) language, they showed little or no ability to combine the sounds they learned into a sentence with a larger meaning. Syntax, basic to the structure of language, uniquely belongs to humans.
“Krak” is a call that warns of leopards in the neighborhood. The monkeys give it in response to real leopards and to leopard shouting broadcast by the researchers. The monkeys can vary the call by adding “-oo”: “Krak-oo” seems to be a general word for hunter, but one given in a special context – when monkeys hear but don’t see a hunter, or when they hear the alarm calls of another species.
The “boom-boom” call invites other monkeys to come toward the male making the sound. Two booms can be combined with a series of “krak-oos”, with a meaning entirely different to that of either of its single parts. “Boom boom krak-oo krak-oo krak-oo” is the monkey’s version of “Timber!” – it warns of falling trees.
If Zuberbuhler is correct, the Campbell’s monkeys can both vary the meaning of specific calls by adding something and combine calls to make a different meaning.
小題1:What is the passage mainly about?
A．A group of scientists.B．Calls of Campbell’s monkeys.
C．The lifestyle of monkeys.D．The importance of language.
小題2:According to the passage, chimpanzees       .
A．don’t communicate by sounds
B．only understand simple sentences
C．fail to learn language from humans
D．a(chǎn)re not related to the Campbell’s monkeys
小題3:If the Campbell’s monkeys hear a lion’s shouting, they will call “  ”.
A．KrakB．BoomC．Boom boom krak-oo krak-oo krak-oo D．Krak-oo
小題4: According to the passage, it seems that        .
A．Zuberbuhler has spent years in the forests
B．the writer isn’t sure of Zuberbuhler’s opinions
C．the Campbell’s monkeys are cleverer than other animals
D．the Campbell’s monkeys can express six meanings by calls

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Damage to Ozone Layer Gets Worse
In the middle of winter, when snow is falling in many parts of the United States, scientists have sounded a warning to people who plan to spend many hours in the sun this summer．The warning: The sun's summertime rays are more dangerous than once thought.
A team of scientists from 80 nations recently reported to the United Nations that a layer of ozone（臭氧層）in the atmosphere, which protects humans from harmful levels of ultraviolet（紫外線）radiation, will be thinner over the United States this summer．The thinner layer allows more ultraviolet rays from the sun to reach Earth．The extra amount of ultraviolet radiation could cause an increase in the number of cases of skin cancer.
Scientists first became concerned about the layer in the mid-1980s when a hole was discovered in the layer above Antarctica during the winter．The hole was caused in chemicals used in refrigerators and air conditioners．When these chemicals are sent out into the atmosphere, they produce gases that destroy the ozone.
Concern about the protective ozone layer rose more recently when data from satellites and ground stations showed that ozone levels were dropping over areas other than Antarctica．Low ozone levels were recorded in the spring and summer over the United States and over other populated areas in the world.
Although many countries have already begun stopping the use of ozone-destroying chemicals, the new findings are expected to advance the timetable for a total ban of the chemicals.
小題1:The scientists have observed the ozone layer ______．
A．since 1980B．since last winter
C．for more than 20 yearsD．for about one year
小題2:The ozone layer in the atmosphere can ______.
A．do a lot of good to human beings in many ways
B．protect humans from diseases caused by bad weather
C．do a lot of harm to human beings in the summer-time
D．protect humans from harmful levels of ultraviolet radiation
小題3:Scientists first found that there was a hole in the ozone layer ______.
A．a(chǎn)bove Arctic during the winter in the mid-1980s
B．a(chǎn)bove Antarctica during the winter in the mid-1980s
C．over somewhere in the north of the equator in 1980
D．over the USA in the summertime in the mid-1980s
小題4:The damage to the ozone layer was caused by ______.
A．the changeable weatherB．ozone-destroying chemicals
C．chemicals from refrigeratorsD．chemicals from air conditioners

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Cities need to put efforts to deal with pollution and clear the air.
Chinese cities will need to put efforts to clear up the sky when a new department to improve regional air quality is set up by 2015, according to the latest plan released by the State Council．
Besides the existing pollution control program for S02, regional emission caps （區(qū)域排放上限） for other certain chemicals will be established in the three key air polluting areas— rhe Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region．Coal-consumption caps will also be tried out in some areas, according to the plan．
The plan is aimed at dealing with regional air pollution—such as acid rain and smog—which have become increasingly obvious in China in recent years and caused a severe threat to people's health, Zhang Lijun, vice-minister of environmental protection, said in an interview on Monday.
The air quality in a city affects the regions nearby because pollutants （污染物）can travel through the atmosphere, said Chai Fahe, vice-director of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences．
“So efforts to reduce air pollution in a single city, targeting a certain pollutant will not oe enough," Chai said．
Zhang said the country's major industrial districts—the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region—have recorded more than 100 misty days annually in recent years．
These three regions, home to at least 200 million people, occupy only 6．3 percent of the country's area but consume 40 percent of the country's coal and produce half of its steel, according to official figures．
Studies also show that the visibility （能見度） in eastern regions of China has dropped by 7 to 15 km compared to that in the early 1960s, as a result of air pollution．
Liaoning province, the Shandong Peninsula, Wuhan in Hubei province and its surrounding area, the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan region in Hunan province, the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and the western coast of the Taiwan Straits are also listed as areas to carry out such regional air pollution control programs, according to the plan．
The new plan also requires an improved air quality system, which will measure the pollution levels．"The current system, which only measures some major pollutants, cannot reflect the true picture．" said Chai．
小題1:It will not be enough to reduce air pollution in a single city because ______.
A．a(chǎn)ir pollution has been becoming more and more serious in recent years
B．a(chǎn)ir pollution like acid rain and smog is threatening people's health
C．a(chǎn)ir pollutants in a city can travel in the sky and affect nearby areas
D．a(chǎn)ir pollutants stay in fixed places over the cities
小題2:Suppose the visibility in eastern regions of China was 130 km in the early 1960s, the visibility there nowadays is           .
A．123 to 115 km
B．137 to 145 km
C．123 to 145 km
D．115 to 137 km
小題3:The main purpose of the passage is        .
A．to inform readers of the damage caused by air pollution
B．to introduce the new plan to control air pollution
C．to provide official figures of air pollution levels
D．to point out the regions affected by air pollution
小題4:What does the underlined phrase "the true picture" in the last paragraph mean?
A．The major pollutants．
B．The key polluted areas．
C．The major polluted cities．
D．The pollution levels．

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案