Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured(施肥)a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars (紀(jì)念柱) in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.
　　Animals fight; so do savages (野蠻人); hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently －this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done －is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels.            Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And it not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.
　　That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or disabled. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets －while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life － nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.
小題1:In the opening sentence the author indicates that ________.
A．conquerors, generals and soldiers should not be mentioned in history books.
B．history books focus more on those who helped civilization forward.
C．those who truly helped civilization forward is rarely mentioned in history books.
D．most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiers.
小題2:In the author’s opinion, the countries that ruled over a large number of other countries are           
A．certainly both the greatest and the most civilized
B．neither the most influential nor the most civilized.
C．possibly the most civilized but not the most powerful.
D．likely the greatest in some sense but not the most civilized.
小題3: The meaning of “it means saying that might is right.”(The last sentence of Paragraph 2) is that ________.
A．in a war only those who are powerful will win.
B．those who are right should fight against those who are wrong.
C．only those who are powerful have the right to go to war.
D．those who fight believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.
小題4: In the third paragraph, what the author wants to convey to us is that ________.
A．we have fought fewer wars but suffered heavier casualties.
B．modern time is not so civilized compared with the past.
C．our age is not much better than those of the past.
D．World War I and World War II are different from previous wars.
小題5: According to the passage, who helped civilization forward?
A. The pioneers in science and technology.
B. Conquerors and generals.
C. Those setting disputes by force.
The experts in military matters
小題6: This passage is most likely taken from an article entitled ________.
A．Who Should Be Remembered
B．Civilization and History
C．War and World Peace
D．Great conquerors in the world

小題1:C
小題2:D
小題3:D
小題4:C
小題5:A
小題6:B
人們經(jīng)常記住的是那些征服者，將軍或者士兵，但是對于真正推動文明向前發(fā)展的人卻很少記得。說明真正推動文明發(fā)展的不是這些征服者，將軍或者士兵。而是科學(xué)家和先驅(qū)者。
小題1:C
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章1,2行Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all.可知出現(xiàn)在歷史書上的大部分人都是征服者和將軍或者士兵，那些真正推動文明向前發(fā)展的人很少被提及。故C正確。
小題2:D
【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后3行And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.中最后一句but they are not the most civilized可知雖然這些國家統(tǒng)治了很多其他國家，但是他們使用的是武力和暴力，卻未必是最文明的。故D正確。
小題3:D
【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)第三段4,5行Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And it not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.可知戰(zhàn)斗就意味著殺戮，文明的人通常會找到其他的解決爭端的方法而不是殺死對方。而戰(zhàn)爭的意思卻不一樣，在戰(zhàn)爭角度來說，勝者為王，敗者為寇。所以For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.的意思就是D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。
小題4:C
【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)本段2,3行And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets －while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life可知現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了制定規(guī)則并按照規(guī)則來做事情，不需要再通過打斗來實(shí)現(xiàn)目的的階段。根據(jù)最后一句nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages現(xiàn)在不需要再像過去的野蠻人一樣了。故C項(xiàng)正確。
小題5:A
【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知人們經(jīng)常記住的是那些征服者，將軍或者士兵，但是對于真正推動文明向前發(fā)展的人卻很少記得。說明真正推動文明發(fā)展的不是這些征服者，將軍或者士兵。而是We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured(施肥)a field;中的科學(xué)家和先驅(qū)者。故A正確。
小題6:B
【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知文章講述的是人們記住的往往只是征服者和將軍士兵，對于推動文明發(fā)展的先驅(qū)者卻了解不多，說明本文主要講述的是文明和歷史的話題。故B項(xiàng)正確。
【長難句解析】
1.Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all.
【翻譯】出現(xiàn)在歷史書上的大部分人都是征服者和將軍或者士兵，那些真正推動文明向前發(fā)展的人很少被提及。
【分析】本句是一個并列句，前面半句中有一個定語從句who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books修飾先行詞people，whereas引導(dǎo)的是一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞。
2.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like.
【翻譯】那就是人類的故事在整體上的樣子。
【分析】本句中含有一個what引導(dǎo)的表語從句，what在這個表語從句中作為介詞like的賓語，同時也是引導(dǎo)詞。
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小題2:What is the important part for many Canadians in winter?
A．Ice fishing. B．Joining a group
C．Leading an active life.D．Staying in the snow
小題3:If you spend a winter in Canada, you will prepare all EXCEPT_______.
A．a(chǎn)n umbrella and sunglasses
B．thick winter coats and a scarf
C．waterproof hats and a scarf
D．snow boots and gloves
小題4:The author suggest layering your clothing probably because_______
A．it is cool to dress like that.
B．it is a rule to dress like that.
C．the weather there is changeable.
D．the weather is usually very hot.

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