More and more people take part in marathons these days – over 30,000 people will run the London Marathon this weekend, for instance. But it’s not just the 26 miles and 385 yards that could be a daunting prospect. “I have to admit to being completely frustrated by the blocking and for 18-19 miles was just keeping away from people and being held up,” one participant grumbled after the 2012 London Marathon. “I had to overtake a lot of people and ended up with bruised（淤腫的）forearms from all the elbows,” said another.
How do such crowding problems arise, and could they be reduced? Some researchers believe that we can find the answers through a more familiar system in which jams appear – road traffic flow. Martin Treiber, of the Technical University of Dresden in Germany, has previously developed models for traffic flow. One of the first attempts to model traffic flow was made in the 1950s by James Lighthill and his collaborator Gerard Whitham of Manchester University. They considered the traffic as a kind of liquid flowing down a pipe, and looked at how the flow changes as the fluid gets denser(濃稠). At first the flow rate increases as the density increases, since you simply get more stuff through in the same period of time. But if the density becomes too high, there’s a risk of jams, and the flow rate drops sharply.
Treiber’s model of a marathon uses this same principle that the flow rate first increases and then decreases as the density of runners increases, thanks to an sudden switch from free to crowded flow. He assumes that there is a range of different preferred speeds for different runners, which each maintains throughout the race. With just these factors, Treiber can calculate the flow rate of runners, knowing the “carrying capacity”(承載能力)at each point on the route.
This allows Treiber to figure out how blocking might depend on the race conditions – for example, for different starting procedures. Some marathons start by letting all the runners set off at once (which means those at the back have to wait until those in front have moved forward). Others assign runners to various groups according to ability, and let them start in a series of waves.
Treiber has applied the model to the annual Rennsteig half-marathon in central Germany, which attracts around 6,000 participants. The traditional route had to be changed in 2013, because the police were no longer willing to close a road to ensure that runners could cross safely. It could pass either over a 60m wooden bridge or through a tunnel. Treiber used his model to predict the likely blocking caused in the various options. The model predicted that a mass start would risk an overload of runners if the bridge were to be used. Only by moving the starting point further back from the bridge could the danger be avoided – and even then, if some of the numbers assumed in the model were only slightly inaccurate, there was still a risk of jams at the bridge. On the other hand, no dangerous blocking seemed likely for the tunnel route. The run organizers consulted Treiber’s team, and eventually chose this option.
小題1:What is the worst thing while running a marathon?
A．The long distance.B．Too many participants.
C．The dangerous blocking.D．Serious injuries in forearms.
小題2:Which of the following statements is true?
A．James Lighthill is the first expert trying to model traffic flow.
B．The denser the flow is, the faster the flow rate becomes.
C．The flow rate increases in the beginning because fewer people passed together.
D．The flow rate increases first and then decreases later when the flow is too denser.
小題3:What is NOT true about the Rennsteig?
A．It has much less participants than the London Marathon in 2014.
B．It has a shorter distance than the London Marathon.
C．The route was changed because the traditional one is not safe any longer.
D．The participants running this marathon will pass a tunnel because this choice is safer.
小題4:What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．Make a comparison between marathon and road traffic.
B．Running a marathon is somewhat dangerous if it is not well organized.
C．Introduce a new technology to solve the blocking problem in marathon.
D．Some advice for people who are to run a marathon.

小題1:C
小題2:D
小題3:C
小題4:C

試題分析: 如今雖然越來越多的人喜歡參加馬拉松長(zhǎng)跑，但是讓許多人望而卻步的不是26.38英里的路程，而是長(zhǎng)達(dá)18、9英里的擁堵問題。對(duì)此德國大學(xué)的Martin Treibe教授進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)，提出了一種新式的方法來避免這一問題。
小題1:C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段But it’s not just the 26 miles and 385 yards …… “I have to admit to being completely frustrated by the blocking可知當(dāng)人們跑馬拉松長(zhǎng)跑的時(shí)候最惱人的是擁堵問題，這種擁堵會(huì)造成人與人之間身體的碰撞，給人帶來身體的傷害，故答案選C。
小題2:D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第二段內(nèi)容At first the flow rate increases as the density increases, ……But if the density becomes too high, there’s a risk of jams, and the flow rate drops sharply.可知在實(shí)驗(yàn)中當(dāng)這種液體變得太稠的時(shí)候開始會(huì)流動(dòng)的快，然后會(huì)緩慢下來，故答案選D。
小題3:C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章末段內(nèi)容The traditional route had to be changed in 2013, because the police were no longer willing to close a road to ensure that runners could cross safely.可知路線的改變是由于警察不愿意去封閉道路來確保參賽者的安全，所以C選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容錯(cuò)誤。
小題4:C主旨大意題。文章在開頭提出在跑馬拉松長(zhǎng)跑時(shí)出現(xiàn)的擁堵問題，然后通過實(shí)驗(yàn)來分析這種現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的原因，最后提出解決的方法，由此判斷本文中心內(nèi)容是介紹一種解決馬拉松長(zhǎng)跑問題的新技術(shù)，故答案選C。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

    Smoggy weather has become common in China. But these days, air pollution levels in the north eastern city of Harbin surpassed the previous record levels.
The city was essentially shut down after PM2. 5, fine Particulate(微粒物) pollution that is considered hazardous(有害的) . reached levels of 1000 micrograms per cubic meter-40 times the safety level remended by the World Health Organization. Schools, motorways and an airport were closed on Tuesday as visibility in some areas of the city dropped to less than 10 meters.
Photos from Harbin showed residents covering their mouths with masks and scarves, and moving like ghostly shadows through the fog. Cars and motorcycles are moving slowly as traffic came to a standstill with traffic lights barely visible. .
Just days previously , the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)  classified air pollution as a carcinogen(致癌物) .  It stated that there  is  " sufficient evidence" that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and also linked it with an increased risk of bladder cancer.  It's said that exposure has increased significantly particularly in " rapidly industrial countries with large populations".
"The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances" , Dr Kurt Straif , head of the IARC said in a press released.  "We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. "
On the Chinese social media site Weibo , many users complained about the pollution and shared their concerns. References to "feed people with smog "have become popular on Weibo and there is a sarcastic play on the expression "serve the people" , as the two have a similar pronunciation.
"The impact of air pollution on people will be gradual. There won't be a sudden outbreak of symptoms, but normally three to five days after the smoggy weather occurs, there is a peak in the number of people seeing doctors, " Deng Ying,  a doctor at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University was quoted as saying.
小題1: As thick smog has become a common scene in Harbin, ______
A．students there can go to school as usual
B．residents in the city can see as far as 20 meters
C．traffic lights can be easily visible
D．the urban traffic has been seriously influenced
小題2: When exposed to outdoor air pollution, what kind of disease can be caused?
A．Cancer of stomachB．Breast cancerC．Bladder cancerD．Ovarian cancer
小題3: According to Dr Kurt Straif , we can learn that_______.
A． the effect of the. smoggy weather is gradual
B． air pollution is the man environmental cause, of cancer deaths
C．exposure has greatly increased in countries with large populations
D．"feed people with smog" has bee a hot word
小題4: The purpose of this passage is to
A．a(chǎn)waken people's environmental awareness
B．warn people not to go out in smoggy weather
C．call for the public to wear their masks
D．a(chǎn)dvise people not to live in Harbin

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

Peter Wiggins grew up in a poor family. He worked diligently at his ____ job as teaching assistant in a private kindergarten and put in three more hours at night as a part­time cashier at a ___. By the time Peter walked home with slow and heavy steps every day，it was often close to ____.
Peter worked very hard in order to ____ his aged parents who had retired as restroom cleaners with ____ savings left after putting Peter and his sister through school. Peter was the only ___， for his sister, Beth, was often in poor health.
One day, as Peter was walking home from ACE Supermarket where he ____， he stumbled(絆腳) upon a small brown packet on the pavement. The package was slightly ____.
So he picked it up to examine it more closely. To his ____， it contained fifty­dollar bills. Peter knew it was not his to keep and that the ____ might urgently need the money.
Without ____， Peter walked quickly to the nearest police station and handed it over to Mr. Roberts who was the police officer ____ for that night. Surprised to see someone hand in such a large amount of cash ____，the police officer said that Peter was indeed a role model others could ____.
“It's nothing really...I was doing what ____ would have done，” Peter's face turned red as the officer continued to ask for his name and contact number so that the owner could ____ thank him. The next day, Peter received a ____. The owner of the lost money was none other than Peter's ____ at the ACE Supermarket! He had found out about Peter from Roberts and had decided to ____ Peter to the position of manager with a handsome increase in salary. He had also decided to pay for Beth's ___.Peter was overjoyed.
小題1:
A．a(chǎn)ny­timeB．short­time
C．day­timeD．night­time
小題2:
A．supermarketB．night school
C．restaurantD．hotel
小題3:
A．morningB．noon
C．eveningD．midnight
小題4:
A．settleB．impress
C．supportD．treat
小題5:
A．moreB．some
C．littleD．much
小題6:
A．sonB．breadwinner
C．oneD．a(chǎn)ssistant
小題7:
A．stayedB．shopped
C．workedD．visited
小題8:
A．oldB．torn
C．familiarD．heavy
小題9:
A．joyB．disappointment
C．shockD．relief
小題10:
A．leaderB．a(chǎn)ssistant
C．bossD．owner
小題11:
A．successB．fear
C．hesitationD．doubt
小題12:
A．on behalfB．on duty
C．on watchD．on purpose
小題13:
A．unfinishedB．unused
C．untouchedD．unexpected
小題14:
A．look atB．look up to
C．look down onD．look forward to
小題15:
A．fewB．none
C．a(chǎn)nybodyD．policemen
小題16:
A．independentlyB．personally
C．cautiouslyD．regularly
小題17:
A．letterB．notice
C．callD．packet
小題18:
A．colleagueB．boss
C．consumerD．enemy
小題19:
A．introduceB．expose
C．promoteD．lead
小題20:
A．university educationB．travel costs
C．holiday partiesD．medical treatment

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival, or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour. We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods.
The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers(桂花), rose petals, sweetened tangerine（橘子）peel, bean paste, or jujube paste（棗子醬）. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat（肉末兒）, vegetables or a mixture.
The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size.
The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers.
小題1:Which of the following is NOT true?
A．The custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century.
B．Sugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao.
C．Sweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China.
D．People in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball.
小題2:Which country does the Lantern Festival come from?
A．ChinaB．South KoreaC．Jin DynastyD．Tang and Song periods.
小題3:Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces.
① make a hole and insert the filling 
② roll the dough between your hands 
③ shape the dough of rice flour into balls  
④ close the hole  
⑤ prepare some rice flour
A．⑤③②①④B．③⑤①②④C．③①④②⑤D．⑤③①④②
小題4:What is the best title of this passage?
A．The Lantern FestivalB．The ingredients of Yuanxiao
C．The difference between Yuanxiao and Tangyuan.D．China’s traditional food—Yuanxiao.
小題5:Why do we eat Yuanxiao today?
A．Because it’s a tradition.
B．Because it’s a tasty food.
C．Because we love our country.
D．Because this food can make money.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

In 2006, a large number of new Internet sites became popular around the world. Some of these are for communication, others for entertainment(娛樂).
The blog is one form of communication that increased in popularity. Through these personal websites(網(wǎng)址), people can share their lives, ideas and opinions on the Internet. People of all ages have their own blogs. For young people, they are a way to show their writing and other forms of self-expression. Blogs also connect people with other people who have the same interests. For example, teachers use blogs to share ideas with other teachers’, as well as experiences and concerns about their work.
YouTube is another Internet site that became more popular last year. This website lets anyone create, share and watch short videos. These include videos of people singing or dancing, or animals doing funny things. Three young men created YouTube almost two years ago as a personal video sharing service. They recently sold it to Google for more than one and a half billion dollars.
Games and entertainment also became a larger part of the Internet last year. One Internet social site is called Second Life. It is an online world in which computer users create a new self and live a different life. They get married, build homes, operate businesses, buy and sell goods, work, play and attend school.
People also take part in fantasy sports leagues with the help of the Internet. A fantasy sport is a game in which each member of a group acts as the owner of a team. Each owner creates a team of real-life professional players to compete against other teams in the league. More than fifteen million American adults play fantasy sports. The industry earns more than one billion（十億） dollars each year from publications, memberships and other costs.
小題1:The passage is mainly about __________.
A．the most popular Internet technology in 2006
B．some new ways for people to communicate or have fun on the Internet
C．one online game called Second Life
D．the high price of playing online
小題2: Who is the owner of YouTube now?
A．Three young men.B．Google.C．Computer users.D．Yahoo.
小題3:Whom does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A．The people who are interested in blogs.
B．The people who play games on YouTube.
C．The people who play Second Life.
D．The people who are created in Second Life.
小題4:What do we know from the passage?
A．Teachers can share ideas, experiences and concerns about their work with other teachers on any website.
B．More than fifteen million American teenagers play fantasy sports.
C．Second Life helps people get married, buy and sell goods, work, play and attend school in real life.
D．Fantasy sports, a game in which each member of a group acts as the owner of a team, is very popular around the world.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Millions of kids in the United States attend some kind of camp each summer. Some go to sleep-away camp for weeks, while others attend day camp in their hometowns. There is one thing all those camps have in common, though. More than nine out of 10 kids said camp helped them make new friends and feel better about themselves.
__________________
What else do kids get out of camp? Plenty!
Kids who want to be stars on the football field or basketball court have their choice of a variety of summer camps. Some, such as the Let Me Play sessions offered by Nike, are free and provide a few hours of instruction by professional athletes. Other summer sports camp opportunities are offered by professional teams or university athletic departments. Players and coaches usually lead those camps, teaching basic skills as well as teamwork and good sports behavior.
Open up to fun
It’s easy to be yourself if you have something in common with your fellow campers, even when that something is a disease.
A journal entry by one camper describes the camp’s high ropes course as a symbol of everyone there and the challenges they face. “Climbing it and going through that struggle to get up and push yourself is like getting through the sickness we all were faced with at some point,” she writes. There is another reward that comes once climbers reach the top of the ropes course and hear the words “good job” from their fellow campers. It is, “in a way, coming close to being cured. Even if we aren’t, it felt like it,” the camper says.
Healthy benefits
There are also health and wellness camps for kids who don’t have any illnesses. For Erin H. of Oklahoma, the first thoughts she had about going to a weight-loss camp were that it would be embarrassing and a waste of time. But as soon as she arrived at Wellspring Adventure Camp, she knew it would be awesome. “I had the most fun ever!” says Erin, who liked Wellspring so much. She stayed for eight weeks instead of the four weeks she’d originally agreed to. “This camp has helped improve my self-respect 100 percent, and I’m no longer self-conscious.”
小題1:The first paragraph serves as _________.
A．conclusionB．definition (下定義)
C．backgroundD．comment (評(píng)論)
小題2:What is suitable phrase for the blank in the passage?
A．Setting a goalB．Developing an ability
C．Killing time D．Forming a habit
小題3:The author mentioned the example of high ropes course to prove_______.
A．it was an effective way to cure campers’ illness
B．it had campers know the difficulty to fight against illness
C．it made campers realize the importance of health
D．it helped campers feel better about their illness
小題4:From the last paragraph, we know that Erin___________.
A．gained a lot from the weight-loss camp
B．stayed in the weight-loss camp for four weeks
C．thought taking part in the weight-loss camp was useless
D．felt embarrassed about her appearance now
小題5:The purpose of writing this passage is to ____________.
A．give advice on how to choose a suitable camp
B．compare sleep-away camps and day camps
C．a(chǎn)dvertise for some famous summer camps
D．introduce the benefits of going to a camp

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

When I left my bag on a train, I lost my most precious possession, a small framed photograph of my great grandparents, Emily and Gordon Baker. The frame was made of silver, with an elegant flower design in one corner. The photograph was taken in March 1939 0n their wedding day. Emily looked very happy, and Gordon looked rather a larmed.  A few months later, he was killed in action in North Africa. I received the photograph when my aunt Mabel died.
I'm a student at Edinburgh University and I live in an old Edwardian house.  At the end of last term, I packed a large bag and a small bag and set off for London, where I was planning to catch the Eurostar train to Paris. Minutes after getting off the train at Kings Cross Station, I realized that I'd left the small bag in the overhead luggage rack. I ran back to the train, but it had already left the platform.  www.com
This all happened several months ago, and I had become resigned to the loss of my most precious possession. then last week, something extraordinary happened. I logged onto the site ~ eBay and looked for a silver photo frame and I found it ! The photo of my great grandparents was on eBay !
I called the person who was advertising it.   He was a little suspicious(懷疑 )  at first, and told me that he had bought it from a stall at an antique market. After we talked for a while, he asked if there was any way I could prove it was mine. All I could think of was that the photo was taken in March 1939. He opened the frame and made sure that this date was written by hand on the back of the photograph.
“It ' s definitely yours. " he said.  "Come and get it ! "
小題1:. The author's most precious possession was      .
A．A wedding photo in a silver frame taken in North Africa
B．A pretty family portrait in a silver frame taken in 1939
C．A special photo of his great grandparents in a silver frame
D．A common photograph of his grandparents taken by Mabel
小題2:. Which of the statement about the author is not wrong?
A．He left the photo on a train and never got it back.
B．He put the photo in a small bag and left it on a train.
C．He left the photo on the Eurostar and ran back to get it.
D．He left the photo at his old Edwardian house in Edinburgh
小題3:. The man advertising the frame proved it was the author's      .
A．by calling the seller up immediately
B．a(chǎn)ccording to the price of the silver frame
C．by the author's explanation about the photo
D．by the date written on the back of the photo
小題4:. It can be inferred that the author felt______when he found the silver photo on eBay.
A．nervousB．excited
C．disappointedD．worried

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

One afternoon last week, I saw three tearful children from my son’s school being comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11-year-old had stomach pains, retching（干嘔）into a bowl. Talking to other mothers later, I heard about other children with stomachache or difficult sleeping the night before.
What caused so much pain? Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly-competitive independent school, but not at a village primary school. For the children who can fly like the wind, sports day cause no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport, it is nightmare（噩夢(mèng)）. Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents, it can prove a disease.
Why do we put our children through this annual suffering? Some may say competition is character building; or it’s taking part, not winning, that’s important; or that’s a tradition of school life. I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.
Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races, wild enthusiasm, lots of shouting — and were fun to watch. More importantly, the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyone’s eyes. Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event. Perhaps an afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.
小題1:What can we learn about the author’s son from Paragraph 1?
A．He talked with some mothers.
B．He comforted his classmates.
C．He had difficulty in sleeping.
D． He suffered from stomachache.
小題2:Sports day is still an annul event in this school probably because __________.
A．this is an independent school
B．it is a tradition of the school
C．it helps children lose weight
D．children enjoy watching sports
小題3:What does the author think about team games?
A．They should include more stressful races.
B．They are acceptable to different children.
C．They should be abandoned at primary school.
D．They are less fun for those who love running.
小題4:What is the author’s attitude towards sports day?
A．Critical.B．Neutral.C．Positive.D．Ambiguous.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The black robin is one of the world’s rarest birds. It is a small, wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about fifty black robins; in 1977 there were fewer than ten. These are the only black robins left in the world. The island has many other birds, of different kinds, large and small; these seem to multiply very happily.
Energetic steps are being taken to preserve the black robin. Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has bee made. The idea is to buy another island nearby as a special home, a “reserve”, for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be supplied with the robin’s food—it eats only one kind of seed. Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in new Zealand. The public appeal is aimed at the conscience of mankind, so that the wild black robin will not die out and disappear form the earth in our time at least.
Is all this concern a waste of human effort? Is it any business of ours whether the black robin survives or dies out? Are we losing our sense of what is reasonable and what is unreasonable?
In the earth’s long, long past, hundreds, of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success—and died out. In the long, long future, there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time. Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early. This is nature’s proven method of operation.
The rule of selection—“the survival of the fittest”—is the one by which human beings have themselves arrived on the scene. We, being one of the most adaptable creatures the earth has yet produced, may last longer than most. You may take it as another rule that when, at last, human beings show signs of dying out, no other creature will extend a paw to put off our departure. On the contrary, we will be hurried out. For nature, tough fair, is a hard-hearted mistress. She has no favorites.
Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins. I leave you to judge whether we should try to do something about it.
57．The black robin is dying out mainly because        .
A．people have been very careless about its survival
B．its only food supply is far from enough on Little Mangere
C．the other birds on the island have destroyed it
D．the appeal for money has come at the wrong time
58．In Paragraph 3, the writer puts forward three questions to        .
A．make a comparison  B．make an argument
C．introduce a topic             D．present his own idea
59．As for selection and survival, the decisive factor seems to be        .
A．the ability to adapt to changed or changing conditions
B．the number of wild life reserves that are available
C．the concern and generosity of the public
D．the size of the home, or the amount of space one has to live in
60．The writer’s attitude towards the protection of the black robins is         .
A．a(chǎn)ctive       B．passive     C．unconcerned     D．optimistic

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