When most of us hear the word chocolate, the verb that comes to mind is probably “eat”, not “drink”, and the most proper adjective would seem to be “sweet”. But for about 90 percent of chocolate’s long history, it was strictly a beverage (飲料), and sugar didn’t have anything to do with it.
The Origin of Chocolate
Many modern historians have estimated that chocolate has been around for about 2000 years, but recent research suggests that it may be even older.
In the book The True History of Chocolate, authors Sophie and Michael Coe prove that the earliest linguistic (語言學的) evidence of chocolate consumption dates back three or even four thousand years.
Valuable and Fashionable Chocolate Beverage
It’s hard to discover exactly when chocolate was born, but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start. For several centuries in pre-modern Latin America, cacao beans were considered valuable enough to use as currency. 100 beans could purchase a good turkey hen, according to a 16th-century Aztec document.
Sweetened chocolate didn’t appear until Europeans discovered the Americas and sampled (品嘗) the native cuisine. Chocolate didn’t suit the foreigners’ taste at first — one described it in his writings as “a bitter drink for pigs” — but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain. By the 17th century, chocolate was a fashionable drink throughout Europe, believed to have nutritious, medicinal functions. But it remained largely a privilege of the rich until the invention of the steam engine made mass production possible in the late 1700s.
The Birth of Solid Chocolate
In 1828, a Dutch chemist found a way to make powdered chocolate. His product became known as “Dutch cocoa”, and it soon led to the creation of solid chocolate. In 1847, Joseph Fry created the first modern chocolate bar. By 1868, a little company called Cadbury was marketing boxes of chocolate candies in England. Milk chocolate hit the market a few years later.
Prosperous Chocolate Industry
In America, chocolate was so valued during the Revolutionary War that it was used instead of wages. Even now, statistics show that the humble cacao bean is still a powerful economic force. Chocolate manufacturing is a more than 4-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and the average American eats at least half a pound of the stuff per month.
小題1:The earliest chocolate was most probably _________.
| A．a dish | B．a drink | C．a bar | D．a candy |
小題2: It can be inferred from the passage that ________________.
| A．the history of chocolate is at most 4,000 years. |
| B．people around the world could buy things with chocolate. |
| C．chocolate was well paid attention to since it was born. |
| D．an American at least eats a pound of chocolate per month. |
小題3:Why did chocolate suit the Spanish’s taste so quickly? _________
| A．Because chocolate was so tasty and bitter. |
| B．Because chocolate was believed to be a source of nutrition. |
| C．Because chocolate was sweetened with honey or cane sugar. |
| D．Because chocolate became a fashionable beverage. |
小題4:Which one shows the correct order according to the time of their appearing? _________
| A．chocolate beverage----chocolate bar----chocolate candies----milk chocolate |
| B．chocolate bar----chocolate beverage----chocolate candies----milk chocolate |
| C．chocolate bar ----chocolate candies ----milk chocolate ---- chocolate beverage |
| D．chocolate beverage ----chocolate candies----chocolate bar---- milk chocolate |
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f the new year.
Year. In the United States, some people eat black– eyed peas(豇豆)for good luck——but to get good luck for a whole year you have to eat 365 of them!