Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this change in colour? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from t}le nearby fields．
Components of Soft
Soil is made up of a number of layers（層），each having its own distinctive colour and texture．The upper layer is known as the litter．It acts like a blanket．limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss．The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus（腐殖質(zhì)），which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour．This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen，and water．Below the topsoil is the subsoil，a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter．This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus．Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock．
Soil forms from the bottom up．Over time bedrock is attacked by rain, wind，frost, and snow．It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering．Plants begin to grow，and rotten materials enrich the topsoil．Most of the soil in Eastern Canada．for example．Was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2．000 years ag0．
Water Beneath the Soil
Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes．ponds．a(chǎn)nd rivers．Once in the soil or rock，it is called groundwater．Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation（滲透）．Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table．Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate．
As water percolates downward，it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers．This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.
Soil pH
Soil can be acidic．neutral．or basic．The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock
from which it was formed．a(chǎn)nd by the nature of t}le plants that grow and rot in it．
The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil．By burning fossil fuels such as coal，oil and gasoline，humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils．When fossil fuels are burned．gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain．Acid soil increases出e problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels．As nutrients are removed，soil is less fertile．Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil，and also become easily attacked by diseases．
小題1:The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called．
A．1itterB．topsoilC．humusD．subsoil
小題2:According to the text．which of the following is NOT true?
A．Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface．
B．The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than t}le surface soil．
C．Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil．
D．Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth．
小題3:We can infer from the passage that the water table lies      ．
A．between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer
B．in the subsoil layer above bedrock
C．between the subsoil layer and bedrock
D．in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil
小題4:The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are         ．
A．rushed away into the river
B．cleaned and purified by water
C．destroyed and carried away by water
D．mixed with water and become part of it

小題1:B
小題2:B
小題3:C
小題4:D

小題1:細節(jié)理解題The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus（腐殖質(zhì)），which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour。 This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen，and water．
小題2:推理判斷題This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus．Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock�？梢钥闯龃鸢�
小題3:推理判斷題Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table．Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate．可以看出答案
小題4:水滲透下來以后，泥土中有機質(zhì)和其他物質(zhì)和水按常識是和水混在一起，然后分解。看出答案。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Children who drink alcohol with their parents are less likely to binge drink (狂飲)in later life, a recent report claimed yesterday.
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　　38. A. never　　　　　B. ever　　　　　 C. always　　　　　D. even
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　　43. A. helped　　　　 B. supported　　　C. shared　　　　　D. worried
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　　46. A. argument 　　　B. game　　　　　 C. discussion　　　D. plan
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The care given to pupils at an infants school has been rated （評定）as outstanding in a recent Ofsted report. Inspectors （視察員）visited Avondale Infants School in Kettering in June and were pleased with what they found.
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The report states: "Pupils' behavior and personal development are good, being enhanced（增強）considerably by the vibrant（活躍的）atmosphere within the school."
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A. Make the meals better                   B. Focus on the pupils
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A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly，courteous and helpful most Americans were to them．To be fair，this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians，and should best be considered North American．There are，of course，exceptions．Small-minded officials，rude waiters，and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US．Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment．For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence．
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小題1:In the eyes of visitors from the outside world，___________．
A．rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B．small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C．Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D．most Americans are ready to offer help
小題2:It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________．
A．culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B．courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C．various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D．social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
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A．to improve their hard life
B．in view of their long-distance travel
C．to add some flavor to their own daily life
D．out of a charitable impulse
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A．tends to be superficial and artificial
B．is generally well kept up in the united States
C．is always understood properly
D．has something to do with the busy tourist trails
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A．Favorable．B．Unfavorable．
C．Indifferent．D．Neutral．

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