A scientist who developed a way to calculate how much water is used in the production of anything from a cup of coffee to a hamburger was awarded the 2008 Stockholm Water Prize.
Professor John Anthony Allan of the University of London in Britain won the award for introducing the idea of “virtual water (虛擬水)”, a calculation method that has changed the nature of trade policy and research.
Allan has written seven books and published more than 100 papers.
The Stockholm International Water Institute said this idea is now embedded (埋藏) in the production of foods and industrial products. The institute said Allan’s work had made a big effect on global trade policy and research, especially in water-scarce (缺水的) regions.
“The improved understanding of trade and water management issues on local, regional and global scales are of the highest value for the successful and sustainable (可持續(xù)的) use of water resources,” it said.
“People do not only use water when they drink it or take a shower,” the institute said. “Behind the morning cup of coffee, there are 140 liters of water that was used to grow, produce, package and ship the beans.” That is about as much water as a person in England uses on average for all daily drinking and household needs.
“For a single hamburger, about 2,400 liters of water are needed. In the USA, the average person uses nearly 7,000 liters of virtual water every day.” It said that was more than three times the average use of a Chinese person.
小題1:Allan was awarded the prize because _______.
A．he wrote seven books on trade policy
B．he published more than 100 papers on water management
C．he found a new kind of water in water-scarce areas
D．he came up with the idea of virtual water
小題2:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The average American uses about 7,000 liters of water a day.
B．The average Chinese uses nearly 2,300 liters of virtual water a day.
C．An Englishman usually drinks about 140 liters of coffee a day.
D．A hamburger usually contains about 2,400 liters of water.
小題3:What do we learn about John Anthony Allan from the passage?
A. He won the 2008 Nobel Prize.        B. He has written over 100 books.
C. He works at the University of London.        D. He lives in the USA.
小題4:What effect does the idea of virtual water have?
A．It helps us realize the importance of trade.
B．It helps people do successful business.
C．It helps us make use of water scientifically.
D．It tells us how much water we use a day.

小題1:D
小題1:B
小題1:C
小題1:C
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：完形填空

We should show respect to everybody, especially our elders because they are ahead of us — in age, in wisdom and maturity, in experience and education．Our  21  have done a lot for us, directly or indirectly and most of us  22   everything to their kindness and love．
When we   23  them respect, whether it is by bowing to them, or  24   them with a smile, or offering them any help they need, it is one way of   25  our own love and gratitude to them．   26, elders have also been through all the years you are  27  and know a little more about the world than you do．
It is   28  that you do not agree with the belief of your elders, but this is nothing new．All younger generations have always  29  with their elders and it is these differences that bring changes in human   30  ．However much you disagree with them, give them credit for their   31．
With changing times and  32  influences, youngsters no longer know what is interpreted as disrespect to elders．Youngsters should 33  express their views and if there are arguments, they should not   34  their voices．
If there is no space on sofas or chairs, children will immediately   35  their places, and sit on the carpet．In buses and trains, youngsters are   36  to give up their places to older people．This is not a  37  of who has more rights．It is simply that those who are younger have the strength to bear  38_, or tolerate unpleasantness, so it is natural to show consideration to those who are older and perhaps at a   39   disadvantage．
When you do simple things as a mark of respect, elders become  40  that youngsters care for them, and they respond with affection and kindness．
小題1:
A．youngstersB．elders C．parentsD．juniors
小題2:
A．devoteB．oweC．payD．contribute
小題3:
A．showB．explainC．exhibitD．point
小題4:
A．greetingB．receivingC．declaringD．showing
小題5:
A．expressingB．describingC．sendingD．suggesting
小題6:
A．HoweverB．ThereforeC．BesidesD．Though
小題7:
A．experiencing with B．going throughC．suffering fromD．worrying out
小題8:
A．maybeB．likelyC．possibleD．probably
小題9:
A．quarreledB．dealtC．livedD．disagreed
小題10:
A．community B．organizationC．societyD．public
小題11:
A．experienceB．realityC．emotionD．information
小題12:
A．culturalB．specialC．environmentalD．position
小題13:
A．quietlyB．slightlyC．silentlyD．coldly
小題14:
A．riseB．raiseC．supportD．force
小題15:
A．give awayB．get rid ofC．give upD．send out
小題16:
A．expectedB．forced C．needed D．reminded
小題17:
A．doubtB．questionC．wonderD．challenge
小題18:
A．sufferingB．upsetC．troubleD．discomfort
小題19:
A．seriousB．lightC．heavyD．slight
小題20:
A．a(chǎn)wareB．a(chǎn)liveC．knowingD．sensible

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Most American students go to traditional public schools. There are about 88,000 public schools all over the US. Some students attend about 3000 independent public schools called charter schools.
Charter schools are self-governing. Private companies operate some charter schools. They are similar in some ways to traditional public schools. They receive tax money just as other public schools do. Charter schools must prove to local or state governments that their students are learning. These governments provide the schools with the agreement called a charter that permits them to operate.
Charter schools are different because they do not have to obey most laws governing traditional public schools. Local, state or federal governments cannot tell them what to teach. Each school can choose its own goals and decide the ways it wants to reach them. Class size is usually smaller than in traditional public schools.
The Bush Administration strongly supports charter schools as a way to re-organize public schools that are failing to educate students. But some education agencies and unions oppose charter schools. One teachers’ union has just made public the results of the first national study comparing the progress of students in traditional schools and charter schools.
The American Federation of Teachers criticized the government’s delay in releasing the results of the study, which is called the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Union education experts say the study shows that charter school students performed worse on math and reading tests than students in regular public schools.
Some experts say the study is not a fair look at charter schools because students in those schools have more problems than students in traditional schools. Other education experts say the study results should make charter school officials demand improved student progress.
小題1:If a private company wants to operate a charter school, it must                    .
A．try new methods of teachingB．prove its management ability
C．obey the local and state lawsD．get the government’s permission
小題2:Charter schools are independent because                       .
A．they make greater progressB．their class size is smaller
C．they enjoy more freedomD．they oppose traditional ways
小題3:What’s the government’s attitude toward charter schools?
A．Doubtful.B．Supportive.C．Subjective.D．Optimistic.
小題4:What can we learn from the text?
A．More students choose to attend charter schools.
B．Charter schools are better than traditional schools.
C．Students in charter schools are well educated.
D．People have different opinions about charter schools.
小題5:It can be inferred from the text that                       .
A．charter schools are part of the education system
B．one-on-one attention should be paid to students
C．the number of charter schools will be limited
D．charter schools are all privately financed

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Most people hate change, which is sad since we often go through intense changes in life. And for some of us, even the smallest changes can upset our day. So the question is: Why do most of us find making adjustments to our lives so hard?
Fear of change is nothing new. Over a century ago, the Parisians were unhappy over a particular addition to their city: the Eiffel Tower. In fact, the citizens were so angry about the plans for the tower that they protested its construction. As strange as it may seem, their anger was completely natural. They were given no choice about the huge change that was going to be made, so they became angry.
But we get upset over changes even when we do have a say in the matter and think about them carefully. Changes are brought about every day by the decisions we make: which school to attend, which job to take, whom to marry. Voluntary changes also make most of us uneasy because we don’t know how those changes will affect our future.
People have discovered that the key to overcoming the fear and anger associated with change is to be flexible. When they are flexible, people can adapt to new situations more easily. Being flexible is especially important in the 21st century as technology makes change occur faster than ever before. Those who oppose change, especially with technology in the workplace, may find themselves out of a job.
When change comes, and you have no choice but to face it, embrace it. A positive attitude helps a lot. In fact, the change may turn out to be the best thing for you. That new job you got may end up being much better than your old one. You may make the best friends of your life in the new city you moved to. Don’t merely focus on how you feel about change; instead decide to accept the change. The change is the reality, and it’s up to you whether the change will be a success or a failure. You never know – your next change may be your life’s Eiffel Tower!
小題1:Why did the building of the Eiffel Tower make the Parisians unhappy?
A．Because they didn’t like the design of the Eiffel Tower.
B．Because they couldn’t avoid accepting the Eiffel Tower.
C．Because it was no use building the Eiffel Tower.
D．Because the Eiffel Tower seemed strange.
小題2:According to the passage, it can be inferred that what won’t disturb us are _____________.
A．the changes that have agreement with one’s will
B．the small changes we meet in our daily life
C．the changes whose effect we can predict and control
D．the changes that we discuss or consider thoroughly
小題3:How should we overcome negative emotions that the changes bring?
A．We are not supposed to face the changes and let them alone.
B．We should actively accustom ourselves to the new circumstance.
C．We should not take the changes seriously and avoid them as much as possible.
D．We should know that the changes merely bring us bad influence.
小題4:What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．The change will probably make you fail like the Eiffel Tower.
B．The change is like the Eiffel Tower which is not good for our future life.
C．Your future life is never known just like the Eiffel Tower unknown to the Parisians.
D．Your future life is likely to be a great achievement due to the change.
小題5:What is the best title for the passage?
A．The Psychology of ChangeB．The ways to Overcome the Fear
C．Changes That Disturb UsD．The Bad Effect of Changes

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The Internet will open up new vistas (前景), create the global village——you can make new friends all around the world. That, at least, is what it promised us. The difficulty is that it did not take the human mind into account. The reality is that we cannot keep relationships with more than a limited number of people. No matter how hard the Internet tries to put you in communication, its best efforts will be defeated by your mind.
The problem is twofold（雙重的）. First, there is a limit on the number of people we can hold in mind and have a meaningful relationship with. That number is about 150 and is set by the size of our brain. Second, the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest in then. We invest a lot in a small number of people and then distribute what’s left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.
This is not, of course, to say that the Internet doesn’t serve a socially valuable function. Of course it does. But the question is not that it allows you to increase the size of your social circle to include the rest of the world, but that you can keep your relationships with your existing friends going even though you have to move to the other side of the world.
In one sense, that’s a good thing. But it also has a disadvantage. If you continue to invest in your old friends even though you can no longer see them, then certainly you aren’t using your time to make new friends where you now live. And I suspect that probably isn’t the best use of your time. Meaningful relationships are about being able to communicate with each other, face to face. The Internet will slow down the rate with which relationships end, but it won’t stop that happening eventually.
小題1:The number of friends we can keep relationships with is decided by__________.
A．the InternetB．the time we haveC．the place we liveD．the mind
小題2:The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “__________”.
A．a(chǎn)ppointmentB．connectionC．interviewD．a(chǎn)greement
小題3:The author holds the view that___________.
A．the Internet helps to keep in touch with friends far away
B．the Internet determines the quality of social relationships
C．the Internet greatly increases the size of social circles
D．the Internet is of no value in social communication
小題4:What will the author encourage us to do?
A．To keep in touch with old friends when we have moved away.
B．To chat with friends often on the Internet.
C．To make more new friends face to face.
D．To stop using the Internet to make new friends.
小題5:What is the author’s attitude towards the use of the Internet to strengthen relationships?
A．He thinks it uselessB．He is hopeful of it.
C．He approves of it.D．He doubts it.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

A Southampton University team found that people who were vegetarians by 30 had recorded five IQ points higher on average at the age of 10. Researchers said it could explain why people with a higher IQ were healthier as a vegetarian diet was connected to lower heart disease and obesity rates. The study of 8,179 people was reported in the BritishMedicalJournal.
Twenty years after the IQ tests were carried out in 1970, 366 of the participants said they were vegetarians — although more than 100 reported eating either fish or chicken.
Men who were vegetarians had an IQ score of 106, compared with 101 for non-vegetarians; while female vegetarians averaged 104, compared with 99 for non-vegetarians. There was no difference in the IQ scores, between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarians but reported eating fish or chicken.
Researchers said the findings were partly related to better education and higher class, but it remained statistically significant after adjusting for these factors.
Vegetarians were more likely to be female, to be of higher social class and to have higher academic or vocational qualifications than non-vegetarians. However, these differences were not reflected in their annual income, which was similar to that of non-vegetarians.
Lead researcher Catharine Gale said, “The findings that children with greater intelligence are more likely to report being vegetarians as adults, together with the evidence on the potential benefits of a vegetarian diet on heart health, may help to explain why a higher IQ in childhood or adolescence is linked with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in adult life.
But Dr Frankie Phillips of the British Dietetic Association said，“It_ is_ like _the _chicken  _and _egg. Do people become vegetarians because they have a very high IQ or is it just that they are clever enough to be more aware of health issues？”
小題1: What’s the result of the research mentioned in the text?
A．Intelligent children are more likely to become vegetarians later in life.
B．Children with a higher IQ are less likely to have heart disease later in life.
C．Intelligent children tend to belong to higher social class later in life.
D．Children with a healthier heart tend to have a higher IQ later in life.
小題2:It was found in the research that________.
A．most of the participants became vegetarians 20 years after the IQ tests were carried out
B．vegetarians who ate fish or chicken were of similar intelligence with strict vegetarians
C．female vegetarians were more likely to have higher annual income than non-vegetarians
D．vegetarians were more likely to have higher annual income than non-vegetarians
小題3:What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．Intelligence is linked to not just being a vegetarian but to many factors.
B．The rate of getting heart disease is linked to your lifestyle.
C．The link between a high IQ and being a vegetarian is still uncertain.
D．The link between a healthy heart and diet remains to be proved.
小題4:What’ s the best title for the text?
A．Get more IQ points!
B．Be a vegetarian, please!
C．Vegetarian diet cuts heart risk
D．A high IQ is linked to being a vegetarian

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven't you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?
According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles.
The study also found the effect is greater, the younger people learn a second language.
A team led by Dr Andrea Mechelli, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of "early bilinguals" who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners.
Scans showed that grey matter density (密度) in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference.
"Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language," said the scientists.
It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. "Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible (靈活的),"he said. "You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas."
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and 34. Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. "Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world," explained the scientists.
小題1:The main subject talked about in this passage is ______.
A．science on learning a second language
B．man’s ability of learning a second language
C．1anguage can help brain power
D．1anguage learning and maths study
小題2: In the second paragraph, the writer mentions “exercise” in order to ______.
A．say language is also a kind of physical labor
B．prove that one needs more practice when he (she) is learning a language
C．to show the importance of using the language when you learn the language
D．make people believe language learning helps grey matter work well
小題3:We may know from the scientific findings that ______.
A．the earlier you start to learn a second language, the higher the grey matter density is
B．there is no difference between a later second language learner and one who doesn't know a second language
C．the experience of learning a second language has bad effect on people's brain
D．the ability of learning a second language is changing all the time
小題4:The underlined word “bilingual'’ probably means ______.
A．a(chǎn) researcher on language learning
B．a(chǎn) person who is good at learning foreign languages
C．a(chǎn) person who can speak two languages
D．a(chǎn)n active language learner

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Work your brain!
Between 2 and 3 pounds of wonder，it controls everything we say，do or think，who we are and what we care about. The way we walk or laugh or figure out things. What we like and the talents we possess. How we see and talk and run and jump and process our food.
The brain uses 20 percent of our body's oxygen and 20 percent of its blood. Somewhere within its protein，fat, 100,000 miles of blood vessels and 100 billion nerve cells，it helps us remember where we put our gym shoes. Change our temperature so we don't die because of the heat or cold. Speed us up or slow us down. Help us choose between orange juice or orange­flavored drinks.
Its intricacies(復(fù)雜性)are stunning，far beyond anything most of us can imagine. To keep this work of art as polished(有光澤的) as possible we need to eat right，exercise and keep mentally stimulated(刺激)．
Good nutrition helps brain cells communicate with each other. Exercise stimulates a hormone(荷爾蒙)in our brain that improves memory. Mental stimulation keeps you sharp even as you age.
“It's very important that we tell people to be physically active and mentally active，” said neurologist Malcolm Stewart.
“People cannot stop aging，but you're able to reduce the damage；you're able to keep the function up.”
Following are Dr.Stewart's advice for improving brain health：
Nutrition
Avoid fast food. Follow the old adage(格言，諺語(yǔ))：For breakfast，eat like a king；for lunch，like a queen；for supper，like a beggar.
Exercise
Do a combination of stretching aerobic and muscle­strengthening every day.
Mental games
Try to have a sense of hope about the future. Do puzzles. Listen to music. Reach out to others to make their lives better.
小題1:The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to ______.
A．inform us how the brain works
B．give us advice on how to keep the brain healthy
C．tell us that the brain plays an important role in our lives
D．show how special the brain is to us
小題2:The word “stunning” in Paragraph 5 means ______.
A．interesting 　B．strangeC．significant　D．a(chǎn)mazing
小題3:According to the text，more exercise ______.
A．keeps our mind sharp 　　
B．helps improve our memory
C．gives our brain a rest 　　
D．is good for brain cells communicating with each other
小題4:In order to keep brain healthy，we should avoid ______.
A．eating a good lunch B．doing puzzles
C．eating a large supper D．taking aerobic exercise

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Attitude is one of the most important factors in determining success for all people．Successful people have one thing in common—an expectant （期待的） attitude of success．Most people begin each morning in neutral and react to events of the day．You can be one of the successful people in life by starting each day with a positive attitude, a gratitude for the opportunities you have, and an expectancy （期待） of the best for yourself．
People tend to live up to expectations．We get out of life just about what we put into it．Our environment becomes a mirror of our spirit, our attitude, and expectations．If we set a great goal, we get great results．If we have a fair goal, we accomplish fair results, and if we have a poor goal, we accomplish poor results．The world will give you back what you expect, so expect the very best．Don't be defensive or doubtful．Nothing changes unless you do．Before you can do something, you've got to be something．Know that you have worth and value．Show that to the world．
Treat everyone you come in contact with as the most important person in life．It will build self-esteem （自尊心）．Smile! You'll be rewarded with a returned smile．Don't react to others rudely．Forgive everyone who ever hurt you．Then, forgive yourself．Keep yourself healthy．Exercise．Eat a proper diet．Display an attitude of confidence．
Develop these good habits and your expectancy will be rewarded by successes．This attitude will put you into that group of people who are truly successful, because you will know and understand how an expectant attitude enhances （提高） every aspect of your life．
小題1:According to the author, we are likely to achieve success if we____．
A．take a positive attitude
B．hold on to our dreams
C．have a good opportunity
D．show gratitude every day
小題2:We learn from Paragraph 2 that____．
A．success mainly depends on your efforts
B．our environment reflects what we think
C．the greater our goal, the better results we will get
D．it is our determination that decides our future
小題3:Paragraph 3 tells us that____．
A．building self-esteem is important
B．we should treat everyone else fairly
C．if treated kindly, others are friendly
D．it makes good sense to forgive others
小題4:The author's purpose of writing the text is to____．
A．share his view point about life
B．offer advice on confidence building
C．suggest some ways to acquire success
D．stress the importance of positive attitude

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