Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for relatives and friends. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.
In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.
Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lese on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.
Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a family group, arc not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be children of that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.
There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste (social class) system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva（唾液）,of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking class.
小題1:According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?
A．The English during regular meals.
B．Americans on their first date.
C．Men and women in Near Eastern societies.
D．Newly-married people on the island of New Ireland.
小題2:In Paragraph 4, the underlined word "taboos" means _____________.
A．favorsB．prohibitionsC．hatredD．gossips
小題3:According to the passage, eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT         .
A．the type of foodB．social relations.
C．marital statusD．family ties.
小題4:What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Different kinds of food in western countries.
B． Relations between food and social units.
C． Symbolic meanings of different kinds of food.
D．Food consumption in different cultures.
小題1:C
小題2:B
小題3:A
小題4:D
小題1:C 本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。參考第二段: The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children.(男人們?cè)谀腥说姆块g里吃飯，與他們的妻子和孩子分開吃。)故C正確。
小題2:B 本題為詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)下文: In some societies, members of a family group, arc not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be children of that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.(在一些社會(huì)，家庭成員不允許吃他們祖先的動(dòng)物或禽鳥。既然他們相信自己是那個(gè)祖先的后代，吃這種動(dòng)物就像吃自己的祖先或吃自己。) A項(xiàng): 贊同。 B項(xiàng): 禁令。C項(xiàng): 仇恨；憎惡。D項(xiàng): 謠言；流言蜚語。
小題3:A 本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。參考第一段第四句(The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together.)、第二段、第三段第三句，第一段最后一句，故選A.
小題4:D 本題為主旨大意題。本文第一句就提出了主旨，然后展開說明。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Nicknames for Los Angeles
A nickname is a shortened form of a person's name. A nickname can also be a descriptive name for a person, place or thing. Many American cities have nicknames. These can help establish an identity, spread pride among citizens and build unity. Nicknames can also be funny.
Los Angeles, California is the second largest city in population, after New York City. Los Angeles has several nicknames. One is simply the city’s initials, L.A. It is also called the City of Angels because Los Angeles means “the angels” in Spanish.
Los Angeles often has warm, sunny weather. So another nickname is City of Flowers and Sunshine. New York is called The Big Apple. So Los Angeles is sometimes called The Big Orange because of the fruit that grows in that city’s warm climate.
The American motion picture and television industries are based in Los Angeles. So it is not surprising that it is called The Entertainment Capital of the World. Many films are made in the area of Los Angeles called Hollywood. Millions of people visit the area. No trip to Los Angeles is complete without seeing the word "Hollywood" spelled out in huge letters on a hillside.
Many movie stars live in Los Angeles. The city is sometimes called Tinseltown. This nickname comes from the shiny, bright and often unreal nature of Hollywood and the movie industry.
Another nickname for Los Angeles is La-La Land, using the first letters of Los and Angeles. This means a place that is fun and not serious, and maybe even out of touch with reality.
The city of Los Angeles is part of Los Angeles County. There are many smaller cities in the county. Beverly Hills, with its rich people, is one of them. So is Pasadena, with its Rose Parade each New Year's Day. So are the coastal cities of Santa Monica and Malibu, where people like to ride surfboards on the Pacific Ocean waves.
A good place for watching unusual-looking people is Venice, an area on the west side of Los Angeles. A system of waterways designed after the Italian city of Venice has been built there.
Many people love Los Angeles for its warm sunny weather, beautiful mountains and beaches, and movie stars. That includes Randy Newman, who sings about his hometown.
小題1:A nickname of a place can have the following functions except ___________.
A．building up identity
B．entertainment
C．bringing pride to the locals
D．uniting surrounding cities
小題2:The underlined sentence can best be replaced by __________.
A．Your trip to Los Angeles is not perfect if you miss the big letters "Hollywood" on a hillside
B．Not seeing the word "Hollywood" on a hillside means you haven’t been to Los Angeles.
C．If you visit Los Angeles you should first pay a visit to "Hollywood" s on a hillside.
D．Seeing the big letters "Hollywood" on a hillside means you’ve been really to Los Angeles.
小題3:How many nicknames have been given to Los Angeles?
A．4B．5C．6D．7
小題4:Which of the following is conveyed in this article?
A．Los Angeles is most famous for its nicknames.
B．Hollywood alone adds fame to Los Angeles.
C．All the nicknames increase the charm of Los Angeles.
D．Los Angeles was built after the Italian city of Venice.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.  
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(開發(fā)) brings to such landscapes(景觀) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
小題1:John Sauven holds that_____.
A．many people value nature too much
B．exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C．wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D．the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
小題2:What is the main idea of Para. 3?
A．The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B．Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C．Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D．All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
小題3:What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?
A．Objective.B．Disapproving.
C．Sceptical.D．Optimistic.
小題4:Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
A．B．
C．D．
CP: Central Point           P: Point            Sp: Sub-point(次要點(diǎn))       C: Conclusion

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


It seems that all your friends’ names on MSN have added a little green “I’m” symbol overnight. If you ask what is going on, someone will tell you it’s a charity activity.
Though this charity program has not yet officially begun for Chinese users, this little green symbol has proven popular among Chinese Windows Live Messenger users.
Windows Live Messenger’s official blog announced on March 1 that Microsoft was beginning an “I’m” program in the United States. Every time someone starts a conversation using “I’m”, Microsoft shares a part of the program’s advertising income with nine organizations devoted to social causes. With every instant message a user sends, it helps deal with things one feels most interested in, including poverty, child protection, disease and worsening environment.
One only has to add a certain code next to one’s name for the organization one would like to support. “*red’u” is for the American Red Cross, “*bgca” is for Boys & Girls Clubs of America and “*unicef” stands for the American branch of UNICEF.
After a Chinese blogger named “hung” introduced this program on his blog on March 2, “I’m” entered the Internet in China with no actual support from Microsoft.
Beijing-based Youth Weekend reported that famous IT blogger Keso regarded this program’s rapid spread as a successful virus marketing case. He thinks that the success of the “I’m” program is because it’s spread by users without being a bother to others. This answers why “I’m” has spread so rapidly across the Internet like a virus with almost no advertisement.
However, Feng Jinhu from the press center for Microsoft China told Youth Weekend that the “I’m” project is only for Messenger users in the United States. Instant messages sent by Chinese users would not count.
This has not affected Chinese Messenger users’ interest in the little green symbol. These users hope their instant messages will actually contribute to charitable organizations someday.
小題1:What’s the main idea of the third paragraph?
A．The detail information about the “I’m” program.
B．Microsoft announced the beginning of the program.
C．The main purpose of the program.
D．How to take part in the program in China.
小題2:What is the reason for the success of the “I’m” program according to Keso?
A．It doesn’t bring other users trouble.B．It is popular with the poor people.
C．It is supported by Microsoft.D．It is advertised through the Internet.
小題3:The following descriptions about the “I’m” program are correct EXCEPT _________.
A．it became popular in China in a short time
B．Microsoft will support the charity activity for free
C．US MSN users who take part in the “I’m” program contribute to charity
D．it covers social problems such as poverty, child protection, etc.
小題4:What should you do to take part in the “I’m” program?
A．Send an email to Microsoft.
B．Add a little green “I’m” symbol before your MSN name.
C．Add the code of the organization you support next to your MSN name.
D．Fill in an application form in advance.
小題5:From the passage, we can come to a conclusion that _________.
A．“I’m” is a computer virus that will not be easily removed
B．Microsoft is active in advertising the program in China
C．modern technology is being used to raise money for charity
D．Chinese MSN users have no interest in the program

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

English is the native or official language of one-fifth of the land area of the world. It is spoken in North America, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. In South Africa and India it is one of the official languages.
More people study English than any other language. In many countries, the textbooks in universities are in English. Many university classes are taught in English even though the native language is not English.
English is the language of international communication. It is the language of international business, research, and science. More than three-fourths of the world’s mail is written in English. More than half of the scientific research journals are in English. Most other languages have borrowed many English words.
Why did English become the international language? In the middle of the nineteenth century, French was the international language. The Britain became very powerful in the world. England started colonies in North America and India in the seventeenth century. By 1900 England also had colonies in other parts of Asia, Africa and the South Pacific. The people in the colonies had to use English. Slowly it became more important than French internationally. After the Second World War, the United States became very powerful, and even more people began to learn English.
Is English a good international language? It has more words than any other language. The grammar is simpler than in other major languages. However, English spelling is difficult. Foreigners all have trouble spelling English. So do native speakers!
Since 1880, people have invented over fifty artificial (not natural) languages. No one speaks them as a native language. However, none of them has ever become popular. Some people don’t want to study English, but it is the international language. There is no way to change that now.
小題1:English is the native language of ______.
A．South AfricaB．AustraliaC．All of CanadaD．Malaysia
小題2:England started a colony in India in the ______.
A．1600sB．1800sC．1700sD．1900s
小題3:Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the text?
A．The English grammar is simple in general.
B．It has a good vocabulary.
C．Its pronunciation sounds pleasant.
D．It is difficult to spell correctly.
小題4:The author concludes that____.
A．it is necessary to invent a new language.
B．English is the international language whether you like it or not
C．English is much better than other languages
D．English should be spoken all over the world

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The rise of multinational corporations （跨國公司）, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR．
　　Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, America’s relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries． Ten years ago, for example, the world’s top five public relations agencies were American-owned． In 1991, only one was． The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative． A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate （公司的） planning activities, compared to about one-third of U．S． companies． It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR．
　　Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs． Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country． Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts （相對(duì)應(yīng)的人） in knowing a second language． Less than 5 percent of Burson—Marshall’s U．S．employees know two languages． Ogilvy and Mather have about the same percentage． Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language． Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs． In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal． Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country．
Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN （Cable News Network）． Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts． According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign．
小題1:Compared with the American PR personnel, what is/are an advantage（s） of the non-Americans involved in PR?
A． They tend to be more internationally minded
B． They speak more and better foreign languages．
C． They usually pay more attention to global financial situation．
D． Both A and B．
小題2:What is the immediate cause of the downfall of America’s public relations?
A．The number of US public relations agencies had greatly decreased by 1991．
B．Other countries have increased their efforts in public relations．
C．On the global scale, cultural differences have significantly shrunk．
D．The British companies are becoming especially sophisticated and creative in public relations．
小題3:It could be inferred that the author of the passage is______．
A．a(chǎn)n AmericanB．a(chǎn) Briton
C．Ted TurnerD．a(chǎn)n Asian
小題4:The underlined word “provincial” in paragraph 3 could possibly mean “     ”．
A．strict in thinkingB．like people from rural areas
C．limited in outlook D．interested in geographical knowledge

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Health insurance can be very expensive. Some working people do not make enough money to pay for it. In the US there is a program called Healthy Families. This program offers people health insurance at a low cost.
Families are charged about ￥7.00 a month for every child, and ￥10.00 for every adult. It costs much less than any other kind of health insurance. Having health insurance is very important. With this insurance, people can see a doctor when they are sick or hurt.
The program is not expensive at all, but many people are still not enrolling in it. People say that it still costs too much money. They need all of their money to pay for things like food and rent.
It would be great if everyone could have health insurance. People are working hard to come up with ways to make this happen. One idea is to make the Healthy Families Program free for some people.
It is important for people to see a doctor when they need to. The Healthy Families Program makes it possible for more people to do this. Many ideas are being considered. Hopefully some of them will allow even more families to get health insurance.
The Healthy Families Program is made to help those who don’t have welfare (社會(huì)保障金) and cannot earn enough to pay for private health insurance. It is an important program, but officials say that too many people are signing up for it and then dropping out because of the Healthy Families Program’s cost.
小題1: The aim of the Healthy Families Program is to __________.
A．help people earn more and pay for the program
B．help more families get health insurance
C．make it free for people to see a doctor
D．help families pay for private health insurance
小題2:If a couple has two children, how much would health insurance cost every month in the family?
A．￥24.B．￥28.C．￥34.D．￥40.
小題3:Why is it very important for people to have health insurance?
A．They can afford to see a doctor when they need to.
B．They can get special medical care.
C．They can see a doctor free of charge.
D．They can go to see a doctor as soon as possible.
小題4:In the passage we can learn all of the following EXCEPT that __________.
A．health insurance is very important for ordinary people
B．the program is still too expensive for many people
C．people should make more money to pay for private health insurance
D．many people don’t make enough money to pay for health insurance
小題5:The passage is mainly about __________.
A．health insurance at a low costB．the benefits of health insurance
C．the cost of health insuranceD．the Healthy Families Program

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
　　In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
　　An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
　　In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person’s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste（階級(jí)） may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. An inactive society may result.
小題1:What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To outline contrasting types of economic systems.
B．To explain the science of economics.
C．To argue for the superiority of one economic system.
D．To compare barter and money-exchange markets.
小題2:In the second paragraph, the underlined word “real” could best be replaced by _______.
A．valuableB．concreteC．a(chǎn)bsoluteD．reliable
小題3:According to the passage, a barter economy can generate ______.
A．rapid speed of transactionsB．misunderstandings
C．inflationD．difficulties for the traders
小題4:According to the passage, who has the greatest degree of control in the administered system?
A．Individual households.B．Small businesses.
C．Major corporations.D．The government.
小題5:Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）for determining a person’s position in a traditional society?
A．Family backgroundB．Age
C．Religious beliefs.D．Custom

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Since 1984, Philadelphia has been cleaning up its act. One by one, graffiti(涂鴉)-covered walls are being changed into outdoor art. So far, more than 1,800 murals (壁畫) have been painted. Philadelphia now has more murals than any other American city.
The walls that were once ugly with graffiti are now covered with beautiful pictures of historical heroes and modern art, thanks to the Mural Arts Program (MAP). Its work makes schools and public places attractive, and its citizens are very proud. The program began as part of Philadelphia's Anti-Graffiti Network. Jane Golden is the MAP's artistic director. "When people ask me what our program is about," she says, "I answer them with one word: hope." Each year, the MAP offers youth art programs and workshops. Some one-time graffiti writers even help paint MAP murals.
The MAP's work, says Golden, is all about developing a sense of community (社區(qū)). When a neighborhood requests a mural, the MAP works with the people there to develop a message. Some messages have been "Safe Streets," "Love and Care," and "Peace Walk."
The MAP receives up to 50 requests for murals each week. Last year, the workers painted 140 murals.
"The making of a mural enters people's collective memory as an extraordinary, pleasant moment in neighborhood history" says Golden, who began as a muralist in Los Angeles.
小題1:What is the Mural Arts Program in Philadelphia aimed at?
A．Helping the young find jobs.B．Protecting the neighborhood.
C．Fighting against graffiti.D．Attracting more visitors.
小題2:How does the MAP decide on the message for a mural?
A．By having discussions with people in the community.
B．By seeking advice from the city government.
C．By learning from the young graffiti writers.
D．By studying the history of the city.
小題3: Which of the following words best describes the work of the MAP?
A．Difficult.B．Dangerous.C．ExperimentalD．Successful.

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