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Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their wandering hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started that farming process.
The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation (發(fā)酵) process by chance. No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short time later, it began to ferment.
The Sumerians were able to repeat this process and are assumed to be the first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a “divine drink” which certainly was a gift from the gods. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning “to drink”, and the Spanish word cerveza originates from the Greek goddess of agriculture, Ceres.
A vitamin-rich porridge, used daily, beer is reported to have increased health and longevity and reduced disease and malnutrition (營養(yǎng)不良). The self-medicating properties of alcohol-rich beer also eased the tensions and stresses of daily living in a hostile world. The use of yeast (酵母) was not yet known at that time. The success of the fermentation process was left to chance, as the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air.
Considerable scientific research took place in breweries (釀酒廠) in the 19th century. A famous work from 1876 by Louis Pasteur was Studies Concerning Beer where he revealed his knowledge of micro-organisms. By establishing that yeast is a living microorganism, Pasteur opened the gates for accurately controlling the conversion (轉換) of sugar to alcohol.
Another discovery in beer brewing was the work of Christian Hansen, a Danish scientist, who successfully isolated a single yeast cell and induced it to reproduce on an artificial culture medium. With the resulting yeast multiplication (繁殖) methods, the purity of the fermenting process has been improved.
小題1:According to the passage, who was the first to brew beer?
A．The Greeks.B．Christian Hansen.
C．Louis Pasteur.D．The Sumerians.
小題2:The last two paragraphs mainly talk about 　　   　 .
A．the function of micro-organisms
B．the success of the fermentation process
C．two scientific discoveries about brewing
D．the results of yeast multiplication methods
小題3:According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?
A．Grain was the first crop used to brew beer.
B．There are some yeast particles in the air.
C．The word “beer” originates from Latin.
D．Modern beer contains more alcoholic.
小題4:Which would be the best title for the text?
A．The beer culture.B．The history of beer.
C．The earliest brewery.D．Methods of brewing beer.

小題1:D
小題2:C
小題3:D
小題4:B

小題1:D細節(jié)理解題。結合The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians.可知答案。
小題2:C細節(jié)理解題。結合最后兩段的各自的第一句可知答案。
小題3:D細節(jié)理解題。結合第一段可知A項正確；結合第四段the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air可知B項正確;結合第3段The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere可知C項正確。
小題4:B文章標題題。結合文章內容可知本文主要介紹了啤酒的歷史。
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It took almost 180 years to finish the tower. Since then, the tower has leaned by another millimeter every year. Today, the Leaning Tower has eight floors and is 54.5 meters tall. By 1990, it was leaning by about 4 meters to one side. It was also slowly sinking into the ground. Many people became worried that it would soon fall apart.
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C. There are more men than women in professional job.
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