Memory is the ability to keep track of things that have happened in the past. Memory really is learning. One needs memory to ride a bicycle. A dog needs to remember if it is to come when called.
Memory is said to be stored in the brain as a “memory trace（記憶痕）.” What makes up this trace is not known. Some scientists believe that certain chemical substances may carry certain memories. For example, one substance, when given to rats, causes them to fear the dark.
Other research into memory has to do with how the brain works. Psychologists use three means to find out how a person remembers. For example, give a person a grocery list. Let the person memorize the list, then put it away. The most natural way to find out how much a person remembers of the grocery list is to ask what he or she remembers. This is called the method of recall. Another method is called recognition. Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on the first list from the items that are on only the second list. Often a person will be able to recognize things that he or she cannot recall. A third method of finding how much a person remembers is called relearning. Here the person is asked to read over the first list. The person will probably learn the list the second time faster than he did the first time. The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is thought of as a measure of how much a person has remembered.
One way of remembering something is to repeat it many times. Interest is very important. Boring lists of facts are much more difficult to remember than something that we understand and are interested in. Motivation, or wanting to do something, is also important. Motivation is linked with reward. For example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food. In humans, wanting to learn is often motivation. The praise of a teacher or the knowledge that an answer is correct is rewarding.
小題1:We can learn from the 2nd paragraph that ___________       .
A．bad memories may cause rats to fear the dark
B．it is hard to tell what a memory trace consists of
C．chemical substances carry certain memories
D．memory is stored in the brain as a substance
小題2:The way to pick out the items on the first list from the second is known as ________ .
A．recognitionB．recallC．memorizationD．relearning
小題3:What is considered as a measure of how much one has remembered?
A．The length of the list.
B．The type of list items.
C．The time difference of relearning.
D．The time difference of brain working.
小題4:A good way to train an animal to do something quickly is to ________.
A．make the action easyB．praise it in words
C．reward it with foodD．weaken its motivation

小題1:B
小題2:A
小題3:C
小題4:C
文章向我們解釋了記憶的原理。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第2句What makes up this trace is not known.可知B正確。
小題2:推理題。根據(jù)第三段第5行Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on the first list from the items that are on only the second list.可知從第2個列表中把第一個列表中的物體挑出來稱為再現(xiàn)。
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is thought of as a measure of how much a person has remembered.
小題4:推理題。根據(jù)最后一段4,5行For example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food.可以推斷訓(xùn)練動物做事情最好的方法就是用食物獎勵。
練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從1 -15各題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
" You probably don't remember me," she said. Then she pulled out a piece of paper from her ___1___ and gave it to me. It was my handwriting.
As the assistant of the Honors Programs at the university, one of my __2___ was to review student transcripts(成績單) to make sure they could ___3___ in Honors. It was common for students to have a(n) ___4___ start and they could no longer continue in Honors after their first term. However, sometimes their ___5___ term report cards would still be sent to us even though the students were no longer in the program.
The note she handed me ___6___, " Congratulations on your excellent second term. You may have been ___7___ with your grades, but you should feel ___8___ of how you've made some progress. Best of luck in keeping up the good work, and you'll be able to succeed."
The student went on and said, " You can't know what this ___9___ to me. I've carried it in my purse for three years and pulled it out anytime I didn't want to do my ___10___. For three years I've been ___11___ to enter your office and giving you this note and this ___12____. " she handed me her latest transcript with good marks.
We were both ___13____. She cried and I ___14____ to. Writing the note seemed like nothing to me, but it meant so ___15___ to her. I really had no idea that my actions had such meaning.
小題1:
A．bag B．pocketC．purseD．box
小題2:
A．a(chǎn)imsB．wishesC．plansD．jobs
小題3:
A．continueB．keepC．carryD．go
小題4:
A．pleasantB．unluckyC．easyD．different
小題5:
A．secondB．firstC．lastD．final
小題6:
A．readB．wroteC．voicedD．a(chǎn)nnounced
小題7:
A．surprisedB．disappointedC．a(chǎn)shamedD．pleased
小題8:
A．carefulB．a(chǎn)fraidC．tiredD．proud
小題9:
A．broughtB．meantC．designedD．suggested
小題10:
A．work B．dutyC．homeworkD．responsibility
小題11:
A．regrettingB．refusingC．planningD．promising
小題12:
A．transcriptB．bookC．penD．gift
小題13:
A．worriedB．excitedC．happyD．sad
小題14:
A．failedB．wantedC．decidedD．hated
小題15:
A．bitB．manyC．muchD．little

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Why don’t birds get lost on their long migratory (遷居的) flights? Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years. Now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks.
Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours. But what about birds that fly mainly by night? Tests with artificial stars have proved conclusively that certain night-flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long-distance flights.
One such bird, a warbler(鳴禽) , had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky. Yet it showed an inborn ability to use the stars for guidance. The bird’s cage was placed under an artificial star-filled sky at migration time. The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins. Any change in the direction of the make-be-live stars caused a change in the direction of his flight. Scientists think that warblers, when flying in daylight, use the sun for guidance. But the stars are apparently their main means of navigation (導(dǎo)航). What do they do when the stars are hidden by clouds? Apparently, they find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines, and river courses. But when it’s too dark to see these, the warblers circle helplessly, unable to get their direction.
小題1:The reasons why birds don’t get lost on migratory flights__________.
A．have been known to scientists for many years
B．a(chǎn)re known by everyone
C．have only recently been discovered
D．will probably remain a mystery
小題2:Warblers migrate__________.
A．from North America to South America
B．using what is apparently an inborn navigational ability
C．only once during their lifetime
D．when they are freed from their cages
小題3:When the stars are hidden by clouds, warblers find their way by__________ .
A．a(chǎn)n artificial starB．some landmarks
C．their inborn abilityD．A and B
小題4:This article is a good example of the way scientists__________ .
A．discover workable answers to universal questions by studying particular cases(特別案例)
B．jump to conclusions
C．find a law and then investigate（調(diào)查）
D．a(chǎn)re disappointed by the habits of animals

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Vending machines （投幣式自動售貨機） are found in 16% of U．S．elementary schools, 52% of middle schools and 88% of high schools．About 22% of students in grades 1 through 12 buy food in vending machines each day—and those purchases added an average of 253 calories to their diets, according to a new study in the September issue of the Journal of School Health．
Just to be clear, those were not 253 calories' worth of tofu, yogurt or carrot．The most popular vending machine items included soft drinks, candy, chips, crackers, cookies, cakes and ice cream．On the plus side （好的方面）, kids also bought low-fat milk, fruit juice and even fruit, the study found．
But the eventual effect on kids' diets was not good．Those who bought from vending machines ate an average of 156 grams of sugar per day, compared with 146 grams for those who abstained （節(jié)制）．They also consumed less fiber, iron and vitamin B．
One silver lining: Vending machine customers ate 4% less sodium （鈉） than other students--an average of 3,287 milligrams per day compared with 3,436 mg for those who didn't buy from vending machines．That's probably because the extra snacks made kids too full to eat as much at mealtimes, when dishes are especially Salty．In any event, kids should eat no more than 1,200 to 1,500 mg of sodium each day, according to the Mayo Clinic．Even for adults, the government recommends a daily limit of 2,300 mg．
Overall, vending machines in school appear to be a threat to children's health．The researchers calculated that all that snacking adds up to about14 extra pounds per child per school year．For some students this might be a serious contributor to weight issues．The study was based on data collected from 2,309 children nationwide for the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, which was
conducted by the U．S．Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service．
小題1:The students using vending machines take in less of all the following EXCEPT ．
A．sugar B．fiber C．vitamin D．iron
小題2:The underlined words “One silver lining” mean “      ”．
A．a(chǎn) discouraging condition at present
B．a(chǎn) bright side of a difficult situation
C．a(chǎn)n urgent warning from health experts
D．a(chǎn)n increasing concern from the public
小題3:Why do kids buying food from vending machines take less salt probably?
A．They prefer less salty food．
B．They have formed healthy eating habits．
C．They eat less food at mealtimes．
D．They take less junk food as snacks．
小題4:What's the purpose of the text?
A．To teach children a balanced diet．
B．To introduce the finding of a new study．
C．To remind parents of children's health．
D．To tell the history of vending machines．

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Researchers in over 80 nations are taking part in a project to conduct a decade-long census(統(tǒng)計) of sea life. Scientists presented some of their findings at a recent conference as the project neared its completion.
In deep icy waters under Antarctica, scientists found bulbous tunicates, an underground animal, and many newly-discovered creatures believed to be related to starfish (海星) and other marine(海洋的）creatures.
Elsewhere in the world’s oceans, they have recently discovered many kinds of underwater life forms new to science. It is all part of a research effort called the Census of Marine Life.
“There are about 2,000 scientists worldwide involved,” said Bob Gagosian, President, CEO of the Consortium for Ocean Leadership. Gagosian helps manage the project. “Everywhere they’ve gone they’ve found new things,” he says. “The ocean basically is unexplored from the point of view of marine living things.”
Researchers have placed small markers on hundreds of fish and marine animals to track by satellite their migration(遷移）routes and to discover places where sea life gathers.
According to Ron O’Dor, a senior scientist with the Census of Marine Life, knowledge of life on the ocean floor is especially limited. “90% of all the information we have is from the top hundred meters of the ocean,” O’Dor states.
And he says the sea floor is, on average, at a depth of 4, 000 meters. And so, as some machines dive far below what people have previously seen, scientists are discovering new species of plants, animals and living things.
Since the census project began, more than 5,300 new marine animals have been found. Ocean researchers say they hope to catalogue 230,000 species during the census —which some say is only a small part of all the creatures living in the sea.
小題1:Why do the researchers place small markers on many marine creatures?
A．To catch them.B．To research them.
C．To kill them.D．To protect them.
小題2:From what Ron O’Dor says, we can conclude that        .
A．human beings only know a little about marine life
B．the oceans don’t need to be further explored
C．he considers exploring the ocean a dangerous thing
D．the marine creatures mainly live on the top of the ocean
小題3:What can we learn from the passage?
A．About 2,000 scientists from America are involved in the project.
B．The census of sea life will last for ten years.
C．230,000 new marine animals have been found.
D．The sea floor is at a depth of 400 meters.
小題4:Why does the author write the passage?
A．To tell the news that new marine creatures are being discovered
B．To encourage people to find new marine creatures
C．To prove the importance of marine creatures
D．To introduce the newly-discovered creatures.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Time was running out, and Mark Dickinson wasn't sure whether he'd get to see his dying 2－year－old grandson one last time. A long line at Los Angeles International Airport's security checkpoint had kept him from getting to his gate on time.
His grandson Caden would be taken off life support in a matter of hours in Denver, Colorado, with or without his grandfather's presence, according to CNN affiliate KABC.
“I was kind of panicking because I was running late, and I really thought I wasn't going to make the flight，” Dickinson told KABC.
That's when a pilot from Southwest Airlines stepped up and held the flight at the gate until Dickinson arrived. The pilot was standing by the air bridge waiting for him when Dickinson arrived in socks, so rushed that he just grabbed his shoes at security and ran through the terminal.
“I told him, ‘Thank you so much. I can't tell you how much I appreciated that.’ And he said, ‘No problem. They can't leave without me anyway，’”Dickinson told KABC.
Authorities say Dickinson's grandson, Caden Rodgers, suffered a head injury after his mother's boyfriend threw him across the room. The boyfriend reportedly told police he was drunk and high on marijuana(大麻) at the time. The child later died and the boyfriend has been charged with first－degree murder, according to the Aurora Sentinel.
Thanks to the pilot, Dickinson made it to Colorado in time to say goodbye to his grandson. Most airlines would punish any staff member who holds up a flight, according to consumer advocate Christopher Elliott, who broke the story of the sympathetic pilot on his blog. However, a Southwest spokeswoman said the pilot's actions were praiseworthy.
“You can't hold a plane for every late customer, but I think we would all agree that these were extenuating(可以原諒的) circumstances and the pilot absolutely made the right decision，” Southwest spokeswoman Marilee McInnis said. “I don't think you could ask for a better example of great service for our customers.”
小題1:According to the passage, which is the correct order of the following events?
a. The pilot held the plane for Dickinson.
b. People read the story of the pilot on the Internet.
c. Caden suffered a head injury.
d. Dickinson was waiting in line at the security checking point.
d. Marilee McInnis praised the pilot's actions.
A．d，c，a，b，eB．c，a，d，b，eC．c，d，a，b，eD．d，a，b，c，e
小題2:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A．The security staff prohibited Dickinson from getting to his gate on time.
B．The plane couldn't leave without Dickinson according to the regulations.
C．Dickinson made it to see his grandson one last time.
D．Christopher Elliott holds the view that all the airlines should advocate similar actions.
小題3:What can we infer from the passage?
A．The boyfriend of Caden's mother hates him very much.
B．The boyfriend has been accused of first－degree murder.
C．Many pilots enjoy writing blog.
D．Dickinson had to take off his shoes at the security cheekpoint.
小題4:In writing this passage, the author mainly tells us a story about ________．
A．a(chǎn)n unlucky man from Los Angeles making his flight
B．a(chǎn) poor boy being killed by his mother's boyfriend
C．Southwest Airlines' decision not to punish a pilot who held up the flight
D．a(chǎn) pilot holding the flight for a man going to see his dying grandson

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Baby girls make their way directly for dolls as soon as they can crawl, while boys will head for cars, a study has shown. The findings, the first to show differences in very young babies, suggest there is a biological basis to their preferences.
Psychologists Dr Brenda Todd from City University London carried out an experiment involving 90 babies aged 9 months to 36 months. The babies were allowed to choose from seven toys. Some were typically boys’ toys ---- a car, a digger, a ball and a blue teddy. The rest were girls’ toys: a pink teddy, a doll and a cooking set. They were placed a meter away from the toys；and could pick whichever toy they liked their choice and the amount of time they spent playing with each toy were recorded.
Of the youngest children (9 to 14 months), girls spent significantly longer playing with the doll than boys, and boys spent much more time with the car and ball than the girls did. Among the two and three-year-olds, girls spent 50 percent of the time playing with the doll while only two boys briefly touched it. The boys spent almost 90 percent of their time playing with cars, which the girls barely touched. There was no link between the parents’ view on which toys were more appropriate for boys or girls, and the children’s choice.
Dr Brenda Todd said, “Children of this age are already exposed to much socialization. Boys may be given ‘toys that go’ while girls get toys they can care for, which may help shape their preference. But these findings agree with the former idea that children show natural interests in particular kinds of toys. There could be a biological basis for their choices. Males through evolution have been adapted to prefer: moving objects, probably through hunting instincts（本能）, while girls prefer warmer colors such as pink, the colour of a newborn baby.”                                
小題1:Baby boys and girls have different toy preferences probably because ________.
A．baby boys are much more active
B．baby girls like bright colours more
C．their parents treat them differently
D．there is a natural difference between them
小題2:Both baby boys and baby girls like to play with ________ according to the study.
A．a(chǎn) ballB．a(chǎn) teddyC．a(chǎn) carD．a(chǎn) doll
小題3:What can we infer from Paragraph 3?
A．Nine-month-old baby boys don’t play with dolls at all.
B．Two-year-old baby girls sometimes play with cars and balls.
C．The older the babies are, the more obvious their preference is.
D．Parents should teach their babies to share each other’s toys.
小題4:What conclusion did Dr. Brenda Todd draw from the results of the study?
A．Adults purposely influence their babies’ preference.
B．Babies’ preference isn’t affected by social surroundings.
C．Baby boys preferring to moving toys will be good at hunting.
D．Baby girls preferring warmer colors will be warm-hearted.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒館), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor (前身) of the modern fridge, had been invented.
　　Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未發(fā)展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(絕緣) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
　　But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高價) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
小題1:Where was ice used after the Civil War?
A．In refrigerating freight cars and households.
B．In hotels, taverns and hospitals
C．In families of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
D．In fresh meat, fish and butter by city dealers.
小題2:What was essential to to make an icebox efficient according to the passage?
A．Keeping the ice from melting
B．Knowledge of the physics of heat.
C．Balance of insulation and circulation
D．Making efforts to reduce the use of ice
小題3:The second paragraph is mainly about_____
A．the deveopment of icebox
B．the theoretical foundation of icebox
C．the wrong ideas about icebox
D．the way of using icebox
小題4: What can we infer from the text?
A．Thomas Moore is the inventor of modern fridge
B．The butter produced by Thomas Moored is better in quality than other famers’
C．Knowledge of the physics of heat plays an important part in inventing a good icebox
D．Before 1880, most of the sold ice was used for family use.
小題5: Without an ice box, farmers had to go to the market at night ________.
A．to sell their produce at high price
B．to go home earlier
C．to keep their produce fresh
D．to win more customers than their competitors

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


These days everyone is worried about the size of their carbon footprint. In order to reduce global warming we need to make our carbon footprints smaller. But how much CO2 are we responsible for?
A new book by Mike Berners Lee, an expert, might be able to help. The carbon footprint looks at the different things we do and buy, and calculates the amount of CO2 all of the following created: the ingredients, the electricity, the equipment, the travel and commuting of the beer, and the packaging. It’s amazing how many different things need to be included in each calculation. And it’s frightening how much carbon dioxide everything produces.
This can help us decide which beer to drink. From Berners Lee’s calculations, it’s clear that a pint (568ml) of locally brewed beer has a smaller carbon footprint than a bottle of imported beer. This is because the imported beer has been transported from far away, and it uses more packaging. The local beer only produces 300g of CO2, but the imported beer produces 900g! So, one pint of local beer is better for the environment.
Berners Lee has even calculated the carbon footprint of cycling to work. Nothing is more environmentally friendly than riding a bike, surely? Well, it depends on what you’ve had to eat before. To ride a bike we need energy and for energy we need food. So if we eat a banana and then ride a kilometer, our footprint is 65g of CO2. However, if we eat bacon before the ride, it’s 200g. In fact, bananas are good because they don’t need packaging, they can be transported by boat and they grow in natural sunlight.
So, does this mean that cycling is bad for the environment? Absolutely not, for a start, if you cycle, you don’t use your car, and the fewer cars on the road, the fewer traffic jams. And cars in traffic jams produce three times more CO2 than cars traveling at speed. Cycling also makes you healthy and less likely to go to hospital. So maybe it’s time for us all to start making some changes. Pass me a banana and a pint of local beer, please.
小題1:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Everything produces carbon dioxide equally.
B．The imported beer is much better than the local beer in quality.
C．Actually bananas are good in general because they produce less CO2.
D．To make our carbon footprints smaller, we should often drink more beer.
小題2:The underlined word “brew” in Paragraph 3 most probably means “___________”.
A．makeB．putC．look afterD．take place
小題3:What’s the main purpose of writing this passage?
A．To tell the differences among bikes, beer and bananas.
B．To call on us to take action to make carbon footprint smaller.
C．To introduce what CO2 really is in our life.
D．To remind us to start healthy eating habits.
小題4:Where can we probably read this passage?
A．In a science fiction story.B．In a newspaper advertisement.
C．In a science research report.D．In a travel magazine.

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案