Question

In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
　　These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behavior by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It's more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you're a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.
　　The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
　　Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue, routine, reward.
　　You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that'll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
　　Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neuralnetworks inside.
　　To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You're trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
　　This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
　　If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.
小題1:Which of the following is the first-to-none element in the 19th-century character model?

A．Action.

B．Capacity.

C．Resolution.

D．Enthusiasm.

小題2:The 19th-century model supposedly does not work on the grounds that ________

A．one’s wished should be pondered before acting.

B．the comparison of free will to a dam is groundless.

C．it has been proved impractical and cannot hold true.

D．there were many other factors beyond one's control.

小題3:The research at Duke University indicated that ________

A．One’s behavior is tough to change.

B．Habit has an unidentified structure.

C．Habit plays a vital role in one's behavior.

D．Both habit and will power are of significance.

小題4:According to the new character model, personal behavior could be altered through

A．techniques to break old routines.

B．techniques to provide different physical cues.

C．cues to change all the former unconscious habits.

D．cues to manipulate the habitual neural responses.

小題5:We can learn from the passage that the new character model ________

A．can generate changes in one's life like what advertisers do.

B．highlights the neural and psychological aspects of habit change.

C．has been identified a new method of changing behavior perfectly.

D．has an advantage over others in dealing with emotional aspects of behavior.

Answer 1

小題1: C
小題2: A
小題3: C
小題4: B
小題5: B  

試題分析：文章對(duì)比了19世紀(jì)的性格典范和現(xiàn)在的新的性格典范之間的差異。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)題：從第一段的句子：Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.可知早19世紀(jì)，最首要的性格模范是“決心”選C
小題2:推理題：從第三段的句子：Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.可知一個(gè)人的行為在行動(dòng)前要仔細(xì)考慮，選A
小題3: 細(xì)節(jié)題：從第四段的句子：Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. 可知很多的行為都是行為導(dǎo)致的，選C
小題4: 細(xì)節(jié)題：從第三段的句子：You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines.可知新的性格典范是通過方法提供線索改變自己的行為，選 B
小題5:細(xì)節(jié)題：從倒數(shù)第二段的句子：because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings,可知新的性格典范重視習(xí)慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理的方面，選B