Chimpanzees，long considered reluctant to share，apparently can display selfless tendencies，revealing one more key way our closest living relatives are like humans，scientists find． These findings could shed light on the evolution of altruism in humans．

Previously，a belief was widely held that human altruism evolved only after humans split from their ape cousins about 6 million years ago．In recent years，however，research has revealed just how much chimpanzees have in common with us．They can hunt with spears，play with dolls and mourn their partners'death.

“Most of the earlier studies had presented the apes with a complex implement that helped them deliver food to themselves or others，often so complicated that the experiments tested tool skills rather than social tendencies，”De Waal told Live Science．“Ours is the first study that uses no such implement at all.”

In addition to using complex food-delivery systems，past experiments often placed the chimpanzees so far apart that they might not have realized how their actions benefited others．In these new，simplified experiments，two apes were housed next to each other with a screen through which they could see each other．Then，one chimpanzee had to choose between two differently colored tokens （幣） from a bin，one of which represented a pro-social （親社會的） option，the other a selfish option．The pro-social option would cause both chimpanzees to receive a piece of banana wrapped in paper．The selfish option only rewarded the ape who made the choice.

In a study with seven adult female chimps placed into various pairs，the scientists found all the apes showed a definite preference for the pro-social option．“For me，the most important finding is that like us，chimpanzees take into account the needs and wishes of others，”researcher Victoria Horner，said.

The chimpanzees behaved especially altruistically toward partners who either patiently waited or gently reminded them that they were there by drawing attention to themselves．They were less likely to reward partners who pressured through making a fuss，begging persistently or spitting water at them．This is opposite to a long-standing view that the chimpanzees only share food under pressure.

1.The word“ altruism” （paragraph 1） is closest in meaning to ______.

A． selfishness

B． selflessness

C． willingness

D． reluctance

2.Recent researches are performed with less complicated implements mainly to ______.

A． show that chimps are only good at using implements

B． see whether chimps are willing to share food with others

C． find out if chimps are likely to reward partners

D． test chimps’ social tendencies instead of tool skills

3.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？

A． Evolution History of Altruism in Humans

B． Similarities between Chimps and Mankind

C． Chimps Do Show Selfless Behavior

D． Chimps Only Share Food under Pressure

練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆遼寧沈陽第二中學(xué)高三10月月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：七選五

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

Any car accident is frightening, but an accident in which your vehicle is thrown into the water, with you trapped inside, is absolutely terrifying. 1. However, most deaths result from panic, without a plan or understanding what is happening to the car in the water. By adopting a brace (支撐) position, acting decisively and getting out fast, you can save yourself from a sinking vehicle.

Brace yourself for impact (撞擊力). As soon as you're aware that you're going off the road and into a body of water, adopt a brace position. The impact could set off the airbag system in your vehicle, so you should place both hands on the steering wheel in the "ten and two" position.

Undo your seatbelt. 2. Untie the children, starting with the oldest first. Forget the cell phone call. Your car isn't going to wait for you to make the call.

3. Leave the door alone at this stage and concentrate on the window. A car's electrical system should work for up to three minutes in water, so try the method of opening it electronically first. Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic or misinformation about doors and sinking.

Break the window. If you aren't able to open the window, or it only opens halfway, you'll need to break it with an object or your foot. It may feel counter-intuitive (有悖常理的) to let water into the car. 4.

Escape when the car has equalized. If it has reached the dramatic stage where the car cabin has been filled with water and it has become balanced, you must move quickly and effectively to ensure your survival. 5. While there is still air in the car, take slow, deep breaths and focus on what you're doing.

A. Open the window as soon as you hit the water.

B. Surviving a sinking car is not as difficult as you think.

C. It takes 60 to 120 seconds for a car to fill up with water usually.

D. Such accidents are particularly dangerous to the risk of drowning.

E. In conclusion, if you know what to do in the water, you will be safe.

F. This is the first thing to attend to, yet it often gets forgotten in the panic.

G. But the sooner the window is open, the sooner you can escape directly through it.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2016年北京市西城區(qū)高三上學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Traveler

My fifteen-year-old son has just returned from abroad with rolls of exposed film and a hundred dollars in uncashed traveler’s checks, and is asleep at the moment．His blue duffel(粗呢) bag lies on the floor where he dropped it．Obviously, he postponed as much sleep as he could: when he walked in and we hugged, his electrical system suddenly switched off, and he headed directly for the bed, where I imagine he beat his old record of sixteen hours.

It was his first trip overseas, so weeks before it, I pressed travel books on him, and a tape cassette of useful French phrases; drew up a list of people to visit; advised him on clothing and other things．At the luggage store where we went to buy him a suitcase, he headed for the duffels, saying that suitcases were more for old people．

During the trip, he called home three times: from London, Paris, and a village named Ullapool．Near Ullapool, he climbed a mountain in a rainstorm that almost blew him off．In the village, a man spoke to him in Gaelic, and, too polite to interrupt, my son listened to him for ten or fifteen minutes, trying to nod in the right places．The French he learned from the cassette didn’t hold water in Paris．The French he talked to shrugged and walked on.

When my son called, I sat down at the kitchen table and leaned forward and hung on every word． His voice came through clearly, though two of the calls were like ship-to-shore communication．When I interrupted him with a “Great!” or a “Really?”, I knocked a little hole in his communication．So I just sat and listened． I have never listened to a telephone so attentively and with so much pleasure．It was wonderful to hear news from him that was so new to me．In my book, he was the first man to land on the moon, and I knew that I had no advice to give him and that what I had already given was probably not much help.

The unused checks are certainly evidence of that．Youth travels light．No suitcase, not much luggage and a slim expense account, and yet he went to the scene, and came back safely．I sit here amazed． The night when your child returns with dust on his shoes from a country you’ve never seen is a night you would gladly turn into a week．

1.During the trip, the author’s son ______.

A． ran out of money

B． had inadequate sleep

C． forgot to call his mother

D． failed to take good pictures

2.According to the passage, which of the following could best describe the author’s son?

A． Polite and careless．

B． Creative and stubborn.

C． Considerate and independent.

D． Self-centered and adventurous.

3.What does the underlined word “that” in the last paragraph refer to?

A． It is important to listen to your child’s story.

B． It’s easy to interrupt the chat with your child.

C． The author is proud of her son landing on the moon.

D． The son no longer needs much help from his mother.

4.What can we infer from the passage?

A． Good parents should protect their children from potential dangers.

B． The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page.

C． It’s a win-win choice to give a child space to experience and explore．

D． Communication between parents and children is extremely important.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆福建省高三上學(xué)期第三次月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：短文改錯

假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除和修改。

增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。

刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（＼）劃掉。

修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

注意：

1．每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

2．只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。

With the summer vacation came around，many school leavers feel it great chance to enjoy themselves．Most of my classmate have plans to travel，which can broaden their views and add up to their life experience．There are also some students who would like to work for volunteers in the communities．Besides，quite a few students want to learn to drive，dance or cook with attending summer classes．As for me．I am looking forward to spend this precious time with my family before I left for my college．Hopeful，I can do something in return for our parents’ love and care．

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2014-2015學(xué)年山西忻州市高三上學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：語法填空

Time flies! This is1.third year that I have been in this school．In the past two and a half years，our school2. (organize) many activities．What impressed me3. (much) was an activity 4.(call)“Learning to Farm”．On an autumn afternoon，we5.(send) to a farm 6.we learnt to plant potatoes7.(be) in the city for such a long time，we were so happy to go to the countryside．After 8.(spanide) into three groups，we started to work．Some cut potatoes 【小題】pieces，and_9.put the pieces of potatoes into the holes and put the earth back．

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2014-2015學(xué)年山東滕州第二中學(xué)新校高三上學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：單項(xiàng)填空

______ that after the ash covered the people who failed to flee the city， their bodies nearly completely______ and disappeared，_________ empty spaces in the ash.

A． It turned out ；broke down； leaving

B． As turned out； broke up； which left

C． It turned out； broke off； leaving

D． What was turned out was ；broke down； left

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2014-2015學(xué)年黑龍江省高三上學(xué)期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：單項(xiàng)填空

The only ________ to the village surrounded by the flood was destroyed so the rescuers couldn’t reach the villagers.
A． access B． approach

C． advance D． address

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆四川資陽高三上學(xué)期第二次診斷考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

In 2009, the Taiwu Elementary School Folk Singers were invited to perform in Belgium, France, Germany, and Luxemburg. In 2011, they were voted as one of the world’s top five performance groups by audiences of Japan Broadcasting Corporation’s Amazing Voice program.

Thinking back the group’s first tour in Europe, Camake Valaule, a physical education teacher and the founder of the Taiwu Elementary School Folk Singers, admitted that he felt very nervous. He was worried that the audience would fall asleep since most of the 75-minute performance was a cappella, that is, singing without instrumental sound. Surprisingly, the audience listened with full focus and high spirits. Camake said, “They told me afterward that through our performance, they had a vision of our country, our village, without having to visit it. This experience greatly increased our confidence.”

According to Camake Valaule, singing traditional ballads has helped students and their parents to re-understand their culture. “It used to be that the only ones who could sing these songs were tribal elders aged between 50 and 60. Now with the children performing the pieces, parents are beginning to ask, ‘Why do we not know how to sing these ballads?’ Many times nowadays, it is the children who teach the songs to their parents, putting back the pieces of a blurred memory.”

Winning international fame, however, was neither the original intention nor the main reason why Camake founded the group in 2006. The most important thing was to make children understand why they sing these songs and to preserve and pass on their culture. Referring to the relocation of Taiwu Elementary School and Taiwu Village following Typhoon Morakot in August 2009, Camake said, “We could not take the forest or our houses in the mountains with us; but we were able to bring our culture along. As long as the children are willing to sing, I will always be there for them, singing with them and leading them to experience the meaning of the ballads.”

1.Which of the following is true about Taiwu Elementary School Folk Singers?

A. The group was first established in 2009.

B. The group was founded by a PE teacher.

C. The singers usually sing popular folk songs.

D. The singers learn to sing from their parents.

2.On his first trip to Europe, why did Camake think the audience might fall asleep?

A. The average age of the audience was between fifty and sixty.

B. Most of the performance was not accompanied by any instrument.

C. Nobody could understand the language and the meaning of the songs.

D. The audience could not visualize the theme sung by the school children.

3.What does the underlined part “the pieces of a blurred memory” in the third paragraph most likely refer to?

A. The fading memories about old tribal people.

B. The children’s ignorance of their own tradition.

C. The broken pieces of knowledge taught at school.

D. The parents’ vague understanding of their own culture.

4.What did Camake realize after the incident of Typhoon Morakot?

A. The significance of the relocation of Taiwu Elementary School.

B. The need to respect nature to avoid being destroyed by it.

C. The importance of passing on the traditional culture.

D. The consequence of building houses in the forest.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2015-2016學(xué)年浙江溫州十校聯(lián)合體高二上學(xué)期期末英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.

In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.

In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夾). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互記憶)"

According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access(獲取) it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.

1.The passage begins with two questions to ______.

A. introduce the main topic

B. show the author's altitude

C. describe how to use the Interne.

D. explain how to store information

2.What can we learn about the first experiment?

A. Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer.

B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.

C. The first group did not try to remember the formation.

D. The second group did not understand the information.

3.In transactive memory, people ______.

A. keep the information in mind

B. change the quantity of information

C. remember how to find the information

D. organize information like a computer

4.What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research?

A. We are becoming more intelligent.

B. We are using memory differently.

C. We have poorer memories than before.

D. We need a better way to get information.

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案