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            “Four Tigers” Ceremony of the Tu Minority

Heigouding Village, Ledu County in the west of Qinghai province is a place where many people of the Tu minority have lived for centuries. As the little village is comparatively closed to the outside world, a custom called “Four Tigers” was created 200 years ago to protect its inhabitants(棲息地) from sickness and bad luck.

Every year the ceremony is held on the eve of January 15th according to the Chinese lunar calendar to frighten off ghosts and evil souls, and to pray for peace.

Normally four local villagers are selected to be the “tigers” in the ceremony. At first, they gathered with village elders at the mountain-god temple to offer sacrifices of wine, food and incense, and to ask the god to help the tigers. Then the tigers were adorned with herbs, candles and two batches of incense to serve as the tiger’s ears. Two red ribbons held in their mouths represented the tiger’s tongue. The “Tigers” drank wine, knelt and kowtowed to the mountain god before they received Hada, a kind of white silk scarf representing respects and good luck, from the village head with firecrackers crackling.

As night fell, the candles on the tigers’ bodies were lit and the tigers began their visits to one household after another. Villagers followed, shouting “Tigers are coming!” The elder from each household welcomed the tigers at the gate, while the rest of the family knelt down in the courtyard. Firecrackers were set off, a toast made and candies, meat and wine were presented to the villagers following the tigers. After twirling (快速轉(zhuǎn)動)in three circles in the courtyard while those present kowtowed and prayed, the tigers went through every corner of every room to drive away any hiding ghosts. If there was a sick person in the house, the tigers jumped around him or her, scratched their body and said lucky words to drive away diseases and ghosts. After the ceremony, the family would present wine and food to the tigers. Then, shouting “The tigers are leaving!” the whole family saw them off.

After visiting all 30 or 40 households, the herbs were removed from the tigers and burned, to indicate that all the ghosts had been conquered. Then the villagers knelt and kowtowed with the sound of firecrackers, marking the end of the ceremony.

The tiger image exists in other minority groups, also. In ancient times, people entrusted their happiness to gods. The “four tigers” ceremony is vividly held in memory of ancient times and a living fossil for academics studying the lives of ancient people. As it is not popular nowadays, this cultural heritage is on the edge of extinction and needs to be rescued.

 


71. Procedure/Course/Steps  72. drive/frighten  73. pray  74. avoid/prevent  

 75. chosen/selected  76. tigers  77.burned/burnt  78.kneel  79. vivid  80.study

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相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

第四部分：任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填1個單詞。

For more than twenty years scientists have been seeking to understand the mystery of the‘‘sixth sense"of direction．By trying out ideas and solving problems one by one，they are now getting closer to one answer．

One funny idea is that animals might have a built-in compass(指南針)．

Our earth itself is a big magnet(磁體)．So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines

itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south．When people discovered that idea about athousand years ago and invented the compass，it allowed sailors to navigate (航海)on oceanvoyages, even under

cloudy skies.

 Actuallly the idea of the living compass came just from observing animals in nature．

 Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homes．Some of them fly for thousands of kilometers and mostly at night．Experiments have shown that some birds can recognize star patterns．But they can keep on course even under cloudy skies．How can they do that?

A common bird that does not migrate but is great at finding its way home is the homing pigeon．Not all pigeons can find their way home．Those that can are very good at it，and they have been widely studied．

One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their

magnetic sense—just as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinner．On sunny days, that did not fool the pigeons．Evidently they can use the sun to tell which way they are going．But on cloudy days，the pigeons with magnets could not find their way．It was as if the magnets had blocked their magnetic sense．

Similar experiments with the same kind of results were done with honeybees．These insects also seem to have a special sense ot direction．

In spite of the experiments，the idea of an animal compass seemed pretty extraordinary．How

would an animal get the magnetic stuff for a compass.

An answer came from an unexpected source．A scientist was studying bacteria that live in the

mud of ponds and marshes．He found accidentally little rod-like bacteria that all swam together in

one direction—north．

Further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside，which

proved magnetic．The bacteria had made themselves into little magnets that could line up with the

earth’s magnet．

The big news was that a living thing，even a simple bacterium，can make magnetite．That led

to a search to see whether animals might have it.. By using a special instrument called magnetometer，scientists were able to find magnetite in bees and birds，and even in fish．In each

animal，except for the bee．the magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brain．

Thus．the idea of a built—in animal compass began to seem reasonable．

The Magnetic Sense — The Living Compass

Passage outline

Supporting details

The existence of the earth magnet and the invention of the navigating compass

◇Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71)   ▲ 

  magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.

◇(72)   ▲   on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.

The possibility of birds’ built-in compasses

◇ One piece of evidence is the (73)   ▲    of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes.

◇ Birds can recognize star patterns on clear nights and keep on course (74)   ▲     under cloudy skies 

The  (75)   ▲     on pigeons’ and bees’ built-in compasses

◇Little magnets were tied to the pigeons’ heads to (76)   ▲     their magnetic sense.

◇The pigeons’ magnetic sense seemed to be affected on (77)   ▲    days.

◇Similar things with the same results were done with bees.

The  (78)   ▲     of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass

◇Little rod-like bacteria were found by chance to swim together in the direction of (79)   ▲    .

◇Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the (80)   ▲     inside their bodies.

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科目：高中英語 來源：江蘇省2010屆高三下學(xué)期5月模擬考試英語試卷 題型：其他題

第Ⅱ卷  (兩部分，共35分)

第四部分：任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題；每小題l分，滿分10分)

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OPTIMISM HELPED US PERSEVERE(堅持)

Left behind, we watched as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island. The danger of what lay ahead of them, the chances of them ever returning to find us, the fear that we might never know their fate and possible delays, at first made us feel low and discouraged. But it was not for long. There was nothing like a good dinner of penguin(企鵝) and some dynamic music to make a man feel more cheerful again.

Life now fell into a regular pattern. Just keeping alive took all our time and energy. For example, we had to gather fresh water by grasping and then melting sea-ice. If this drinking But melting the ice was a problem. With no trees growing on Antarctica and no oil, the only fuel we could use was seal fat. This gave off oily, black smoke but had he advantage of burning strongly in fierce winds. We could also eat the remains when the fire died down.

Food was also a problem as there were no vegetables or fruit to be found. As one of’ our group, Lionel Greenstreet noted in his diary after a few weeks how bored he was with the meals: “The food now is pretty well all meat -- seal steaks, cooked seal, penguin steaks, cooked penguin liver.” As a chef, it was my duty to clean and cook these animals, so I was soon being encouraged to vary the meals in whatever way I could. It was difficult.

We had to be very particular about our personal care because a changeable temperature could harm us. It was almost as dangerous to become too hot from wearing too many clothes as to become too cold from wearing too few. Becoming too hot led to sweating and this could freeze very quickly. Another part of the body that needed special caution was the eyes. The ice and snow reflected dangerous rays from the sun so that if we did not wear sunglasses we would suffer from sun-blindness.

Four months of this was as much as the twenty-two of us could bear in this bone-numbing cold. We were lucky that our group wolf worked hard to show an admirable mental attitude and dealt with our ever-present fears in a positive and successful way. Above all, Shackleton encouraged us to have celebrations: for birthdays, festivals or even just because of a good catch of penguin. This kept us cheerful and encouraged harmony in the group.

When rescue did come, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. We were at last free to go home to a warm bed, good food and the care of our family and friends. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive and he had repaid us by his commitment to return and save us from a slow but painful death.

Main Points

Details

Setting

Shackleton and his boat having (71)   ▲   away, we stayed on Elephant Island, feeling low and discouraged. A dinner of penguin and dynamic music (72)    ▲   us up.

Water problem

To gather fresh water, we grasped and then melt sea-ice by(73)    ▲  

seal fat.

(74)   ▲  problem

Food lacked variety, with only meat from seals and penguins.

Personal care

● Sweating from wearing too many clothes and(75)   ▲   from wearing too few could do harm to us.

● We needed to be (76)   ▲   of the eyes’ being harmed by the dangerous reflected rays from the sun.

(77)    ▲   for our survival

● Our positive (78)    ▲   

● Having celebrations

● Harmony in the group

Ending

Four months later, we were (79)   ▲   by Shackleton. And he

(80)    ▲    his promise.

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：江蘇省2010屆高三考前模擬訓(xùn)練英語試卷 題型：任務(wù)型閱讀

 

第II卷 (兩部分, 共35分)

第四部分：任務(wù)型閱讀（共10小題，每小題1分，滿分10分）

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

注意：每個空格只填一個單詞。請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。

US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson will visit China's largest lake next week on a trip that will highlight global environmental challenges.

Paulson will hold talks in Beijing with President Hu Jintao that will focus on the Strategic（戰(zhàn)略）Economic Dialogue, high-level discussions launched last year in an effort to deal with economic tensions between the US and China.

"This trip is part of an ongoing process to strengthen our strategic economic relationship to address long-term issues such as working with China to rebalance its growth and increase the flexibility(彈性) of its currency(貨幣) and also to deal with short-term issues as they arise." Paulson said Tuesday in announcing the trip.

Paulson will begin the trip with a visit July 30 to Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in the country and an example of some of the environmental challenges facing China as it struggles to deal with pollution.

"The only way to make progress on climate change is to engage all the large economies, developed and developing, to work toward embracing cleaner technology and reducing giving off gas." Paulson said. "What's happening with the environment in the middle of China not only affects the local climate and economy but also the global climate and economy."

Paulson will meet on July 31 in Beijing with Hu and Vice Premier Wu Yi, who is leading the Chinese side in the strategic dialogue talks.

The administration is coming under pressure from Congress to show results from these discussions, particularly in the area of currency values. American manufacturers think that the yuan is undervalued by as much as 40 percent, which makes Chinese products cheaper for US consumers but makes it more difficult for US products to be sold in China.

The first strategic dialogue session was held in Beijing last December with a follow-up meeting in Washington in May. The two countries have promised to meet twice a year with the next session to take place in China later this year. An exact date has not yet been announced.

The Treasury Department said in a statement announcing the trip that Paulson in his meetings with Chinese leaders would raise issues of concern to Congress as well as follow up on issues that were regarded as most important items at the May meeting of the strategic dialogue.

 

Henry Paulson’s trip to China

(71)_____

July 30

The (72) _____ place of his visit

Qinghai Lake

The (73) _____ of his visit

To hold talks in Beijing with President Hu Jintao that will focus on the Strategic Economic Dialogue, high-level discussions （74）_____last year in an effort to deal with economic tensions between the US and China. To （75）_____long-term issues such as working with China to rebalance its growth and increase the flexibility of its currency and also to deal with short-term issues as they arise.

The important people he will visit

（76）_____Hu Jintao and Vice Premier Wu Yi

The （77）_____for his visit

Under pressure from （78）_____

Which session is to be held next time?

The（79）_____session is to take place in China later this year.

What is to be talked about with Hu Jintao?

Issues of （80）_____to Congress.

 

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：2010年高考英語試題分類匯編--交際用語 題型：任務(wù)型閱讀

 

第四部分：任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填1個單詞。

For more than twenty years scientists have been seeking to understand the mystery of the‘‘sixth sense"of direction．By trying out ideas and solving problems one by one，they are now getting closer to one answer．

One funny idea is that animals might have a built-in compass(指南針)．

Our earth itself is a big magnet(磁體)．So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines

itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south．When people discovered that idea about athousand years ago and invented the compass，it allowed sailors to navigate (航海)on oceanvoyages, even under

cloudy skies.

 Actuallly the idea of the living compass came just from observing animals in nature．

 Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homes．Some of them fly for thousands of kilometers and mostly at night．Experiments have shown that some birds can recognize star patterns．But they can keep on course even under cloudy skies．How can they do that?

A common bird that does not migrate but is great at finding its way home is the homing pigeon．Not all pigeons can find their way home．Those that can are very good at it，and they have been widely studied．

One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their

magnetic sense—just as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinner．On sunny days, that did not fool the pigeons．Evidently they can use the sun to tell which way they are going．But on cloudy days，the pigeons with magnets could not find their way．It was as if the magnets had blocked their magnetic sense．

Similar experiments with the same kind of results were done with honeybees．These insects also seem to have a special sense ot direction．

In spite of the experiments，the idea of an animal compass seemed pretty extraordinary．How

would an animal get the magnetic stuff for a compass.

An answer came from an unexpected source．A scientist was studying bacteria that live in the

mud of ponds and marshes．He found accidentally little rod-like bacteria that all swam together in

one direction—north．

Further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside，which

proved magnetic．The bacteria had made themselves into little magnets that could line up with the

earth’s magnet．

The big news was that a living thing，even a simple bacterium，can make magnetite．That led

to a search to see whether animals might have it.. By using a special instrument called magnetometer，scientists were able to find magnetite in bees and birds，and even in fish．In each

animal，except for the bee．the magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brain．

Thus．the idea of a built—in animal compass began to seem reasonable．

 

The Magnetic Sense— The Living Compass

Passage outline

Supporting details

The existence of the earth magnet and the invention of the navigating compass

◇Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71)   ▲ 

  magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.

◇(72)   ▲   on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.

The possibility of birds’ built-in compasses

◇ One piece of evidence is the (73)   ▲    of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes.

◇ Birds can recognize star patterns on clear nights and keep on course (74)   ▲     under cloudy skies 

The  (75)   ▲     on pigeons’ and bees’ built-in compasses

 

◇Little magnets were tied to the pigeons’ heads to (76)   ▲     their magnetic sense.

◇The pigeons’ magnetic sense seemed to be affected on (77)   ▲    days.

◇Similar things with the same results were done with bees.

The  (78)   ▲     of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass

◇Little rod-like bacteria were found by chance to swim together in the direction of (79)   ▲    .

◇Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the (80)   ▲     inside their bodies.

 

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：2010年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（江蘇卷）英語 題型：任務(wù)型閱讀

 

第四部分：任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填1個單詞。

For more than twenty years scientists have been seeking to understand the mystery of the‘‘sixth sense"of direction．By trying out ideas and solving problems one by one，they are now getting closer to one answer．

One funny idea is that animals might have a built-in compass(指南針)．

Our earth itself is a big magnet(磁體)．So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines

itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south．When people discovered that idea about athousand years ago and invented the compass，it allowed sailors to navigate (航海)on oceanvoyages, even under

cloudy skies.

 Actuallly the idea of the living compass came just from observing animals in nature．

 Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homes．Some of them fly for thousands of kilometers and mostly at night．Experiments have shown that some birds can recognize star patterns．But they can keep on course even under cloudy skies．How can they do that?

A common bird that does not migrate but is great at finding its way home is the homing pigeon．Not all pigeons can find their way home．Those that can are very good at it，and they have been widely studied．

One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their

magnetic sense—just as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinner．On sunny days, that did not fool the pigeons．Evidently they can use the sun to tell which way they are going．But on cloudy days，the pigeons with magnets could not find their way．It was as if the magnets had blocked their magnetic sense．

Similar experiments with the same kind of results were done with honeybees．These insects also seem to have a special sense ot direction．

In spite of the experiments，the idea of an animal compass seemed pretty extraordinary．How

would an animal get the magnetic stuff for a compass.

An answer came from an unexpected source．A scientist was studying bacteria that live in the

mud of ponds and marshes．He found accidentally little rod-like bacteria that all swam together in

one direction—north．

Further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside，which

proved magnetic．The bacteria had made themselves into little magnets that could line up with the

earth’s magnet．

The big news was that a living thing，even a simple bacterium，can make magnetite．That led

to a search to see whether animals might have it.. By using a special instrument called magnetometer，scientists were able to find magnetite in bees and birds，and even in fish．In each

animal，except for the bee．the magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brain．

Thus．the idea of a built—in animal compass began to seem reasonable．

 

The Magnetic Sense— The Living Compass

Passage outline

Supporting details

The existence of the earth magnet and the invention of the navigating compass

◇Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71)   ▲ 

  magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.

◇(72)   ▲   on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.

The possibility of birds’ built-in compasses

◇ One piece of evidence is the (73)   ▲    of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes.

◇ Birds can recognize star patterns on clear nights and keep on course (74)   ▲     under cloudy skies 

The  (75)   ▲     on pigeons’ and bees’ built-in compasses

 

◇Little magnets were tied to the pigeons’ heads to (76)   ▲     their magnetic sense.

◇The pigeons’ magnetic sense seemed to be affected on (77)   ▲    days.

◇Similar things with the same results were done with bees.

The  (78)   ▲     of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass

◇Little rod-like bacteria were found by chance to swim together in the direction of (79)   ▲    .

◇Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the (80)   ▲     inside their bodies.

 

 

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