Who Owns the Moon?

Within the next ten years, the US, China, Israel, and a crowd of private companies plan to set up camp on the moon. So if and when they plant a flag, does that give them property rights?

A NASA working group hosted a discussion this week to ask: Who owns the moon? The answer, of course, is no use. The Outer Space Treaty, the international law signed by more than 100 countries, states that the moon and other celestial bodies(天體) are the province of all mankind. No doubt that would annoy all of the people throughout the ages, like monks from the Middle Ages, who have tried to claim the moon was theirs.

But ownership is different from property rights. People who rent apartments, for example, don’t own where they live, but they still hold rights. So with all of the upcoming missions(派遣團(tuán)) to visit the moon and beyond, space industry thought leaders are seriously asking themselves how to deal with a potential land rush.

“This is a very relevant discussion right now. We’ve got this wave of new lunar missions from around the world,” said William Marshall, a scientist in the small-spacecraft office at NASA, but who spoke this week at an event hosted by NASA’s Co Lab, a collaborative(協(xié)力的) public-private working group. He was peaking from his personal interest and not on behalf of the agency.

To be sure, the United States aims to send astronauts back to the moon by as early as 2015, in a mission that would include a long-term settlement. China and Israel, among others, are also working on lunar projects. And for the first time, several private groups are building spacecraft to land on the moon in an attempt to win millions of dollars in the Google Lunar X Prize. Some participants say that they plan to gain some property rights in the mission.

1.In the passage the writer seems to be worrying that .

A. the US will live on the moon forever

B. the moon will not be able to hold all mankind

C. the potential land rush will become more and more frequent

D. no one can answer the question “Who owns the moon?”

2.The “Google Lunar X Prize” aims to .

A. encourage private groups to land on the moon

B. help NASA host a discussion about land rush on the moon

C. help some developing countries complete their lunar projects

D. reward some countries or private groups which haven’t stepped on the moon

3.The underlined word “that” in the first paragraph refers to .

A. the Outer Space Treaty B. if and when they plant a flag

C. the NASA working group D. monks from the Middle Ages

4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A. The US astronauts will live on the moon for a longer time.

B. Many countries and private groups plan to go to the moon.

C. Why some private groups wish to land on the moon.

D. It is easy to gain some property rights on the moon.

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Once Napoleon stayed in a small inn．The next morning he went to thank the innkeeper．“I want to rewarded you,” said Napoleon．

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——How do you usually go to work？

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What benefits can you have from a film? A well-made film offers a whole world of things to watch. First there are the story aspects — the plot, characters, dialogue and themes. Then there are the technical aspects — the camera work, cuttings and special effects. And there are many other things, like the credits, musical score and the acting. A well-made film offers much more than you see in one viewing (觀看).

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Our house was directly across the street from the clinic entrance of John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. We lived downstairs and rented the upstairs rooms to the patients at the clinic.

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I have a good friend who name is Liu Mei. She is our monitor and one of the excellent student in our class. Clever as she is, but she works very hard. We have a lot on common and have a lot to talk about. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out.

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In the depths of my memory, many things I did with my father still live. These things have come to represent, in fact, what I call and love.

I don’t remember my father ever getting into a swimming pool. But he did the water. Any kind of ride seemed to give him pleasure. he loved to fish; sometimes he took me along.

But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did. I liked being the water, moving through it, it all around me. I was not a strong , or one who learned to swim early, for I had my . But I loved being in the swimming pool close to my fathers’ office and those summer days with my father, who come by on a break. I needed him to see what I could do. My father would stand there in his suit, the person not in swimsuit.

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A poet once said, “We look at life once, in childhood; the rest is .”And I think it is not only what we “l(fā)ook at once, in childhood” that determines our memories, but , in that childhood, looks at us.

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10.A. should B. would C. had to D. ought to

11.A. next B. only C. other D. last

12.A. away from B. out of C. by D. inside

13.A. put up B. break down C. play with D. work out

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16.A. stood up B. set out C. showed up D. turned out

17.A. fine B. strange C. terrible D. funny

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20.A. which B. who C. what D. whose

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He is a strict and kind teacher, ______ my son loves and respects.

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Is gun play good or bad for children? For many years I emphasized its harmlessness. When concerned parents expressed doubt about letting their children have toy guns, because they didn’t want to encourage them in the slightest degree to become criminals, I would explain how little connection there was. In the course of growing up, children have a natural tendency to bring their aggressiveness more and more under control if their parents encourage this. One- to two-year-olds, when they are angry with another child, may bite the child’s arm without hesitation. But by 3 or 4 they have already learned that aggression is not right. However, they may pretend to shoot their mother or father, but smiling to assure them that the gun and the aggressive behaviour aren’t to be taken seriously.

In the 6- to 12-year-old period, children will play an earnest game of war, but it has lots of rules. There may be arguments, but real fights are relatively rare. At this age children don’t shoot at their mother or father, even in fun. It’s not that the parents have turned stricter; the children’s own conscience has. In adolescence aggressive feelings become much stronger, but well brought-up children can turn them into athletics and other competition or into kidding their friends.

In other words, I’d explain that playing at war is a natural step in the disciplining of the aggression of young children; that a cautious parent doesn’t really need to worry about producing a criminal.

But nowadays I’d give parents much more encouragement to guide their child away from violence. A number of incidents have convinced me of the importance of this.

One of the first things that made me change my mind, several years ago, was an observation that an experienced nursery school teacher told me about. Her children were hitting each other much more than previously, without reason. When she talked to them, they would protest, “But that’s what the Three Stooges do.” (This was a children’s TV program full of violence which immediately became very popular.)

What further shocked me into reconsidering my view was the assassination(暗殺）of the former President, and the fact that some schoolchildren cheered about this. (I didn’t so much blame the children as I blamed the kind of parents who will say about a President they dislike, “I’d shoot him if I got the chance!”）

These incidents made me think of other evidences that Americans often tolerate lawlessness and violence. We were hard on the Indians and the later waves of immigrants. At times we denied justice to groups with different religions or political views. And now a great percentage of our adult as well as our child population has been endlessly fascinated with dramas of Western violence and with cruel crime stories, in movies and on television. This doesn’t necessarily mean that we Americans on the average have more aggressiveness inside us than the people of other nations. I think rather that the aggressiveness we have is less controlled, from childhood on.

To me it seems very clear that in order to have a more stable and civilized national life we must bring up the next generation of Americans with a greater respect for law and for other people’s rights than in the past. There are many ways in which we could and should teach these attitudes. One simple opportunity we could seize in the first half of childhood is to show our disapproval of lawlessness and violence in television programs and in children’s gun play.

I also believe that the survival of the world now depends on a much greater awareness of the need to avoid war and to actively seek peaceful agreements. There are enough nuclear arms to completely destroy all civilization. This terrifying situation demands a much greater stability and self-control on the part of national leaders and citizens than they have ever shown in the past. We owe it to our children to prepare them deliberately for this awesome responsibility.

1.The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refers to______.

A. controlling their aggressiveness

B. playing with toy guns

C. aggressive behavior

D. the course of growing up

2.Based on the author’s view about the relationship between children’s aggressiveness and their age, which of the following is true?

A. A 2-year old boy knows that it is not correct to behave aggressively.

B. The older children become, the less aggressive they will be.

C. 6- to 12-year-olds enjoy war games but develop them into argument and serious fights.

D. Adolescents’ aggressiveness is often displayed in the form of competition.

3.What conclusion does the author intend to draw from the story told by the nursery school teacher?

A. Watching violence can lower a child’s standard of behaviour.

B. Violent TV programs should be banned in nursery schools.

C. Children are generally lawless or violent nowadays. I

D. It is acceptable to let children have toy guns

4.What does Paragraph 7 mainly talk about?

A. Examples showing that Americans are more aggressive than other nations.

B. Evidences proving that America has a long history of lawlessness and violence.

C. The idea that children are less able to put their aggressiveness under control.

D. More reasons why the author changed his view on the main issue of the article.

5.What is a must if people intend to enjoy stability and civilized national life?

A. To show disapproval of gun play in television programs.

B. To make people aware that there are already enough nuclear arms.

C. To elect national leaders with greater stability and self-control.

D. To bring up children who show more respect for the law and others’ rights.

6.Which of the following serves best as the title of the article?

A. How Does Age Influence Aggressiveness?

B. Are American Children Becoming More Aggressive?

C. Should Children Play With Guns?

D. What Should Parents Teach Their Children

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