Elena Kagan has reached a lifelong goal：becoming a Justice on the United States Supreme Court.The U．S. Senate confirmed Kagan on Thursday by a vote of 63­37.She replaces Justice John Paul Stevens，who retired in June.
Kagan will take a sacred oath(誓言) to uphold the Constitution of the United States on Saturday at a swearing­in ceremony.The new Justice will bring the number of women sitting on the nation’s highest court to three.Kagan joins Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sonia Sotomayor—all three New Yorkers.
Kagan is the fourth woman in history to sit on the Supreme Court.Justice Sandra Day O’Connor was the first female Justice.She was appointed by President Ronald Reagan and served from 1981 to 2006.
Kagan，who is 50 years old，is the second Justice appointed by President Barack Obama.(He appointed Justice Sotomayor in 2009.) Obama told reporters on Thursday that Kagan will make an “outstanding Justice who understands that her rulings affect people.” He also noted that the addition of another woman to the Supreme Court marks a sign of progress for the country.Obama and Kagan will celebrate her confirmation with a ceremony at the White House today.
Kagan has spent most of her adult life working with the law.She served in President Clinton’s administration as a legal adviser，was the head of Harvard Law School，and until her confirmation Thursday，was the U．S. Solicitor General—one of the most powerful lawyers in the federal government.Kagan was born in New York City.She grew up in an apartment on the Upper West side of Manhattan，the strong­willed，independent middle sister sandwiched between two brothers.
Kagan’s mother was a public school teacher who taught fifth and sixth grades.Her father was a lawyer.
The new Justice once wore a judge’s robe in a picture for her high­school yearbook.Now she’ll be wearing real ones as she and the other eight Justices decide some of the most important legal cases.
小題1:What can we infer according to Paragraph 1?
A．Elena Kagan has become the only female Justice of America.
B．It’s Kagan’s dream to be a Justice on the United States Supreme Court.
C．Kagan achieved this position in the election by beating John Paul Stevens.
D．It will take a long time for Kagan to become a Justice on the United States Supreme Court.
小題2:Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．To take the place of an old Justice，a Justice was elected by the Senate.
B．There will be four women working in the United States Supreme Court.
C．Kagan will take a sacred oath before taking part in the election.
D．No one but a New Yorker can be a Justice of the Supreme Court.
小題3:What is the main idea of Paragraph 5?
A．Kagan is a born lawyer.
B．It is about Kagan’s biography.
C．Kagan’s character is fit for her job.
D．Kagan has worked for two Presidents.
小題4:This text must be taken from ________.
A．a(chǎn) storybook
B．a(chǎn) textbook
C．a(chǎn) newspaper
D．a(chǎn) biography of famous people

小題1:B
小題2:A
小題3:B
小題4:C

小題1:　B
解析　推理判斷題。由文章首句可知，成為美國(guó)最高法院大法官是艾琳娜·卡根一直以來(lái)的夢(mèng)想。
小題2:　A
解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句，由于前法官退休，美國(guó)參議院不得不選舉一名新法官接替他的位置，才會(huì)有艾琳娜·卡根當(dāng)選。
小題3:　B
解析　段落大意題。第五段全面介紹了卡根的生平，因此B項(xiàng)最具概括性。
小題4:　C
解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和題材的時(shí)效性可推斷出這篇文章來(lái)自報(bào)紙。
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

While small may be beautiful，tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems，particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants.
The Tall Persons Club Great Britain (TPCGB)，which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall，has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants.Beds that are too small，shower heads that are too low，and restaurant tables with hardly any leg­room all make life difficult for those of above average height，it says.
But it is not just the extra­tall whose needs are not being met.The average height of the population has been increasing yet the standard size of beds，doorways，and chairs has remained unchanged.
“The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it，so even a king­size bed at 6′6″ (6 feet and 6 inches) is falling short for 25% of men，while the standard 6′3″ bed caters for less than half of the male population，” said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy，“Seven­foot beds would work fine.”
Similarly，restaurant tables can cause no end of problems.Small tables，which mean the long­legged have to sit a foot or so away from them，are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.
Some have already taken note，however.At Queens Moat Houses’ Caledonian Hotel in Edinburgh，6′6″ beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors，particularly Americans.                                (2011·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)，B)
小題1:What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign?
A．To provide better services.
B．To rebuild hotels and restaurants.
C．To draw public attention to the needs of the tall.
D．To attract more people to become its members.
小題2:Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy?
A．7′2″.B．7′.C．6′6″.D．6′3″.
小題3:What may happen to restaurants with small tables?
A．They may lose some customers.
B．They may start businesses elsewhere.
C．They have to find easy chairs to match the tables.
D．They have to provide enough space for the long­legged.
小題4:What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh?
A．Tall people pay more for larger beds.
B．6′6″ beds have taken the place of 6′3″ beds.
C．Special rooms are kept for Americans.
D．Guest rooms are standardized.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

When it comes to social behaviour，mammals are in a league of their own.Some birds may form pairs，or even cooperate to hunt，but the complexity (復(fù)雜性) of their relationships can hardly compare to those within a school of dolphins，a herd of elephants or a group of humans.What makes mammalian social groups different from a flock of starlings or a shoal of fish，is that in many cases the individuals could recognize each other.Although we may think that  all elephants look pretty much the same，we can easily tell individuals of our own species apart and it has become clear through studies that the same is true of other species.Dolphins have their own signature whistles that act like “names”，and elephants can recognize and greet other individuals they have known but not seen for many years.This is something that only a few species of birds appear to be able to do.
Mammals in complex social groups not only recognize each other as individuals，but also they remember a lot of information about that individual.Social groups often rely on this memory—such as knowing who is dominant to whom，who is related to whom，and who has done what to whom in the past.It’s like remembering who you have lent money to or done a favour for，and who hasn’t repaid that money or has talked about you behind your back.You have to learn who to trust，who your friends are，and who to watch out for.
All this remembering goes on in a particular part of the brain called the neocortex (大腦皮層)．If you compare the size of a mammal’s social group with the size of this part of the brain，you will find they are remarkably closely related.This area seems to take a long time to develop fully and animals in which it is very large take a very  long time to grow up to adulthood.During this time，the youngster has to learn all the rules of social behaviour in their group and to piece together all  the relationships between the group members：Knowledge that will be needed to avoid getting into trouble.
小題1:What is special about a mammalian social group according to the passage?
A．All the individuals cooperate to hunt.
B．The individuals can communicate with each other.
C．The individuals can recognize each other.
D．The individuals form closer relationship.
小題2:The passage suggests that elephants________.
A．a(chǎn)re cleverer than dolphins
B．can recognize other species
C．may mistake a member for another
D．have good memories
小題3:Animals whose area of the neocortex is large________.
A．will have a long period of time before they become adults
B．will spend a shorter time learning the necessary knowledge
C．will learn the necessary knowledge much more easily
D．will have more difficulty in growing up as adults
小題4:If the neocortex is larger，the animals________.
A．can live a longer life
B．have a smaller social group
C．have a larger social group
D．have a greater body size

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The car，running along the well­lit road now sank in darkness.I broke the ____ on purpose，____ that the driver was too tired to drive.“When do you go back home in the evening？”“9 o’clock after this ____.” “Then when do you come out in the morning？” I ____ another question.“9 o’clock，too—just as if I worked at an office.” His __ surprised me，because every time I ride a taxi，what I ___ from the driver are only complaints that they have to work from morning till night，it’s hard to earn money and they’re often ___ by the police，or that their leaders are seated lazily，___ the fruits.But this driver told me，“I find it ____ to be a section chief as I was before.I like driving just for ____.It’s fortunate that I hardly drive ____ a passenger.So I earn two or three thousand yuan a month with ease.Yes，I never ____ an empty taxi.If it goes southward，I go northward.If it goes along a ____，I turn into a narrow street.”
His words showed his ____ with his life and the pride he ____ in his job.Such feelings are so rare among people nowadays as oxygen in high ____.As an ancient saying goes，“Neither joy in material ____ nor grieve(悲痛) over personal setbacks.” How many people nowadays can show high ideals by ____ living and go far with a calm mind？I couldn’t help feeling ____ when finding such a state of mind in a stranger on a cold ___.
小題1:
A．windowB．stillness
C．silenceD．quietness
小題2:
A．on conditionB．for fear
C．in beliefD．in order
小題3:
A．nightB．trip
C．cycleD．process
小題4:
A．threw outB．gave away
C．made up D．led to
小題5:
A．character B．confidence
C．a(chǎn)ttitudeD．easiness
小題6:
A．sufferB．request
C．benefitD．hear
小題7:
A．detectedB．ordered
C．finedD．seized
小題8:
A．keepingB．tasting
C．enjoyingD．choosing
小題9:
A．excitingB．disappointing
C．tiringD．a(chǎn)mazing
小題10:
A．freedomB．pleasure
C．hobbyD．company
小題11:
A．without B．with
C．behindD．beside
小題12:
A．follow B．a(chǎn)dmire
C．envy D．meet
小題13:
A．routeB．path
C．railwayD．highway
小題14:
A．intelligenceB．satisfaction
C．competitionD．honesty
小題15:
A．madeB．held
C．caughtD．took
小題16:
A．buildingsB．mountains
C．standardD．heaven
小題17:
A．gainsB．concerns
C．supportsD．losses
小題18:
A．specialB．happy
C．simpleD．original
小題19:．
A．a(chǎn)ngry B．content
C．dangerousD．curious
小題20:
A．morningB．night
C．momentD．season

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Don’t you just love ice skating every winter？I am sure，that since winter is approaching，your skates are set to come out，just waiting to be used.Impress your friends with your new trick on how to ice­skate backwards with the help of these tips.Skating backwards on ice is a bit difficult but once you master the basic，there’s nothing like it.Follow the steps given below and you will be able to skate backwards in no time.
Stand Straight
The first thing that you need to do is，stand straight.If you feel that you are falling backwards，then just put your chin(下巴) up and slightly bend your knees.Don’t worry；this happens to all.
Confidence Is What You Need
The most important step while learning how to skate backwards，is having enough confidence in yourself and in what you are doing.How can you achieve this？By practice.Just practice rolling backwards down a gentle slop every single day or just by pushing off from a wall or something of that sort.But before you do that，make sure that the place where you are practicing is free from any kind of debris(碎片) because otherwise，you could land up in the hospital due to some accident.While going backwards，just get used to the feeling of moving backwards.One of the important ice skating tips and techniques is that if you feel that you are losing your balance，then scissor(做剪式運(yùn)動(dòng)) your skates.Keep practicing this till you are confident about it.
Maintain Speed
Confident now？Great！Now the next step is to maintain your speed.While rolling in a straight line with one skate，with the other try sculling(劃槳)，that is，keep pushing yourself backwards with an outwards stroke(滑動(dòng))．Now bring the skate which you were using to scull，and then again，repeat the same process.Make sure that you put most of your weight on the skate which is moving straight and not the one with which you are sculling.Now，try the same thing using the other foot.Again keep doing this till you are confident enough.
Increase Your Speed Now
Once you are confident that you can scull with either foot，the next thing that you have to do is increase your speed.Try some of your own tricks now.Scull with either foot or with both at the same time.
Scull and Be Aware
While you keep one foot straight，keep sculling with the other.You can do that simultaneously with both feet.Concentrate on what you are doing but don’t get so involved，that you don’t see where you are going.If you are not watching your back，you might just bang against something or someone.
小題1:According to the text confidence comes from ______.
A．high speedB．strict coaches
C．constant exerciseD．good techniques
小題2:Which is the right order of ice­skating backwards?
a．Increasing your speed.
b．Being able to scull with one foot.
c．Being about to stand straight.
d．Trying some different tricks.
A．c→a→d→bB．c→b→d→a
C．a(chǎn)→c→b→dD．c→b→a→d
小題3:In order to keep balance when skating backwards you should ________.
A．skate in a scissor gesture
B．use both your feet to scull
C．skate forward first and then backward
D．put most of your weight on the skate with which you are sculling
小題4:The purpose of the text is ________.
A．to compare different ways of ice­skating backwards
B．to introduce the culture of ice­skating backwards
C．to explain advantages of ice­skating backwards
D．to offer some advice on ice­skating backwards

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

It had been a long，hard，wonderful day.The two of us had walked from the sea’s edge through the length of a beautiful valley，climbed a superb mountain，travelled its narrow，rocky ridge(山脊)，and now stood on its final peak，tired，happy and looking for the perfect campsite.
The experienced backpacker has a natural feeling for such things，and our eyes were drawn to a small blue circle on the map，like an eye winking at us.We could not see it from where we were，but we followed our judgement and went down steeply until it came into view.
We were right.It was a calm pool，with flat grass beside it.Gently taking our packs off，we made the first of many cups of tea before pulling up our tent.Later that evening，over another cup of tea and after a good meal，we sat outside the tent watching the sunset over a sea dotted with islands，towards one of which a ferry was slowly moving.It is not always so perfect，of course.On another trip，with a different companion，a thoroughly wet day had ended at a lonely farm.Depressed at the thought of camping，we had knocked and asked if we could use a barn(谷倉(cāng)) as a shelter.
Backpacking could be defined as the art of comfortable，self­sufficient(自給自足的) travel on foot.Everything you need is in the pack on your back，and you become emotionally_as_well_as_physically_attached_to_it.I once left my pack hidden in some rocks while I made a long trip to a peak I particularly wanted to climb.I was away for nearly three hours and ended up running the last stretch in fear that my precious pack would not be there.It was，of course.
The speed at which the backpacker travels makes this the perfect way to see any country.You experience the landscape as a slow unfolding scene，almost in the way it was made；and you find time to stop and talk to people you meet.I’ve learned much local history from simply chatting to people I met while walking through an area.At the end of a trip，whether three days or three weeks，there’s a feeling of achievement，of having got somewhere under your own power.
After years of going out walking just for the day，many people start backpacking simply through wanting to stay out rather than cut short a trip.
小題1:The writer and his companion knew there was a pool because ________.
A．they had been told about it
B．they could see it on the map
C．they had seen it earlier in the day
D．they could see it from the top of the mountain
小題2:What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The map.B．The pool.
C．The mountain.D．The campsite.
小題3:How did the writer and his companion feel at the end of the day?
A．They were too tired to put up their tent.
B．They wished they could have found a farm.
C．They were anxious about the coming weather.
D．They were delighted with the spot they’d found.
小題4:What does the writer mean by being “emotionally as well as physically attached to it ” in Paragraph 4?
A．It is more than just a practical aid.
B．He walks better when he is wearing it.
C．It is not a good idea to leave it anywhere.
D．He might die on the mountains without it.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(無(wú)武器的) hands to each other as a sign of friendship. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other's hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. "Let's shake (hands) on it" sometimes means agreement reached.
Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding(誤解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries are more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.
小題1:In the old days in Europe, people put out their unarmed hands to each other ______.
A．to make a dealB．to greet each other
C．to show friendlinessD．to reach an agreement
小題2:The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A．where handshaking was first practised
B．how handshaking came about
C．a(chǎn)bout the relationship between handshaking and trade
D．a(chǎn)bout the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
小題3: According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
A．Westerners are more reserved than the Chinese.
B．Westerners are unwilling to shake hands.
C．We should make a judgement before shaking hands.
D．We shouldn't shake hands with European women.
小題4:The main purpose of the text is ______.
A．to tell us some differences between the East and the West
B．to offer us some important facts about handshaking
C．to introduce us to some different customs in the West
D．to give us some advice before we travel abroad

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Today’s youth seem content to take the easy route and enjoy the ride of life. When tough situations arise, they often get annoyed and complain. How you live your teen years will have a profound influence on the rest of your life.
You must learn to use your time wisely. You may not see it now, but developing leadership characteristics at a young age is very important. As we get older, it becomes harder to overcome bad habits and replace them with good ones. Possessing leadership    qualities is essential, both in this life and in the world to come. There are certain qualities that one needs to develop in order to become a leader: justice, judgment, dependability, initiative, decisiveness, tact, integrity, enthusiasm, poise, unselfishness, courage, knowledge and loyalty. You may recognize these as good qualities to have, without realizing how they apply to leadership. The more these qualities are part of your nature, the more productive and enjoyable your life will be. All of these are qualities that one must possess to one degree or another.
Contrary to popular opinion, leadership is something   that is learned. No one is born a leader. We are all capable of exhibiting the   leadership qualities mentioned above — some just choose not to. Of course, not  veryone can be the “top dog”, let alone all the time. However, everyone does have the capacity to lead in some way — but action is required! Understand that learning is a fact of life—learning to ride a bike, learning to drive, learning to type, learning mathematics, etc. All of these activities require action. While we are born with many different abilities, if we do not use and develop them, those abilities will never come to fruition. Youth is an excellent time to start developing leadership characteristics. Take the time to study each one in detail. Put them into practice as you interact with other people. Determine which areas you are weak in, striving to always improve. Observe the leaders, and how     they handle situations and  carry themselves. Also, study the lives of great leaders. The results will serve you in this life — and beyond!
小題1:The purpose of the second paragraph is to show that    .
A．one must overcome bad habits at first
B．a(chǎn)ll leaders have the mentioned leadership characteristics
C．the earlier and the more you develop leadership characteristics, the better it is
D．one must know how to apply the mentioned leadership characteristics first
小題2:Not everyone can be a leader because______.
A．they are lazyB．they don’t learn
C．they don’t have the qualities mentionedD．they don’t develop their abilities
小題3:What does the underlined sentence mean?
A．Everyone can be a leader all the time.
B．Everyone can not be a leader all the time.
C．Nobody can be a top leader all the time.
D．Nobody can not be a leader all the time.
小題4:What is the best title for this passage?
A．Learn to be a leader.B．Everyone can be a leader.
C．Leadership characteristics.D．Leadership is something that is learned.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

A carefree summer vacation can be yours with these easy tips．
1．Fly into Alternate Airports
Most major destinations are served by more than one airport．Flying into a less popular one can result in cheaper tickets．Another added perk of quieter airports? Shorter check-in and security lines，and less waiting around．
2．Use Public Transportation for City Travel to Save Time and Money
When possible，take public transportation from the airport to your hotel．For example，the London-Heathrow express train takes just 15 minutes to get from airport to city and costs under 20 pounds．By contrast，“A taxi costs about 70 pounds and takes 40 minutes，"reports DiScala．
3．Eat Smart，Explore…and Save
Look for ways to take your order in pricey restaurants and you can avoid “Are we about to run out of money?”“Don’t order an appetizer．Don’t drink a lot of booze，” says DiScala．
Also，cover more ground by spreading out your snack places．“Have dessert at a café or ice cream stand, instead of at the dinner restaurant，” suggests DiScala．You’ll see more of the city and decisions about where to go for dinner will be less worrying．
4．Hit the Market
Much like reading the local newspaper，visiting a market gives context to a foreign country．
Even the smallest villages tend to have a weekly open-air market(often on Saturday mornings) , while in larger towns and cities，expect additional market days，as well as big supermarkets．
Markets also sell amazing，wallet-friendly souvenirs．Think about sea salt，local spices or sauces，and regional oils and vinegars． Eatable gifts are almost always appreciated，saving you the stress of finding the“perfect”gift for each person on your list．
小題1:The passage aims to tell the readers how to________．
A．take a plane without waiting for long
B．spend your holidays abroad economically
C．eat in a pricey restaurant at the smallest expense
D．save money to buy eatable gifts in a foreign market
小題2:What does the underlined word“perk” in Line 4 mean?
A．Special benefit．B．Strict standard．
C．Common scene．D．Extra trouble．
小題3:Which of the following will best help you save time and money?
A．Choosing a bigger airport．B．Visiting local markets．
C．Having dinner at the hotel．D．Taking an express train．
小題4:What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Having coffee at a cafe will cost more money．
B．Souvenirs bought at local markets are expensive．
C．You will run out of your money if you eat out．
D．Markets help you understand your tourist destination．

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