小說粘住你我他
①為什么名著能夠經(jīng)受時間和文化的洗禮而流傳下來?有人說是因為它們文字優(yōu)美,有人說是因為它們故事情節(jié)動人,還有人說它們深刻地剖析了人性。最近一項對英國維多利亞文學(xué)的讀者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),最后一種說法可能是小說具有持久魅力的重要原因,因為小說反映了我們?nèi)祟愒谶M化過程中形成的觀念,或者說是某種形式的人性。
②美國密蘇里大學(xué)的專家們專門研究了達爾文的進化理論如何應(yīng)用到了文學(xué)中。他們做了一次調(diào)查,讓500個讀者填寫了關(guān)于200部維多利亞女王時代的小說的調(diào)查問卷。被調(diào)查者要填寫自己認為的主角或配角的性格特點,然后描述他們的個性和動機,比如他們是否有責(zé)任心或者支配欲很強等。
③結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),小說中的角色可以劃分為鮮明的幾類。一般來說,那些主角,比如簡?奧斯汀的名著《傲慢與偏見》中的伊麗莎白?貝內(nèi)特,她在責(zé)任心、有教養(yǎng)方面獲得了讀者的高分,而那些配角在獲取社會地位、支配欲上的得分很高。而且在小說中,有支配欲的角色受到了作者的強烈譴責(zé),這些壞家伙都是一些想支配他人的“機器”,他們過于我行我素,很少有親近社會的行為。
④其實,中國小說中的角色也有類似的現(xiàn)象。比如在《三國演義》中,劉備是作者力捧的正面人物,不僅有“攜民渡江”的高度責(zé)任心,還一心一意要匡扶漢室,拯救天下蒼生;而曹操則是小說中的大反派,“寧可我負天下人,不可教天下人負我”就是出自他口,而且挾天子以令諸侯,具有極強的權(quán)力欲和支配欲。
⑤專家們分析了調(diào)查結(jié)果后認為,這些對立的小說角色其實反映了人類經(jīng)歷了漫長的狩獵-采集原始社會后形成的集體觀念,在那樣的社會中,由于要和自然界進行艱苦的抗?fàn),個人的強勢被部落集體的利益所壓制了。而小說中恰恰反映了個人支配欲和集體利益之間的根本對立,雖然在今天的世界上很少有人還生活在狩獵-采集社會,但這個永恒的主題依然讓小說深入人心,因為它的確反映了遠古形成的人性。
⑥另外一些角色的分數(shù)介于好人和壞人之間,比如《呼嘯山莊》中的西斯科里夫或者《傲慢與偏見》中的達西先生,他們在小說中的出現(xiàn)表明,人們?yōu)榱司S護集體的社會秩序,對個人產(chǎn)生了壓力,這種沖突以這些角色的形式被反映了出來。
⑦小說就像是一種粘合社會的膠水,增強了那些能造福整個社會的行為,這些行為可能是人類在與環(huán)境的抗?fàn)幹兄饾u進化出來的。另一方面,小說和某些社會警示故事的效果是一樣的。在原始社會,打獵為生的原始人談?wù)撘恍┤说钠垓_和欺凌弱小的行為,以達到不讓壞人得償所愿的目的。而小說同樣起到了這個效果,人們通過閱讀小說,了解了壞人的伎倆,避免自己今后上當(dāng)受騙。
⑧小說不僅是進化的產(chǎn)物,它實際上也正在影響人類社會未來的進化。
【小題1】閱讀第①段,說說“為什么名著能夠經(jīng)受時間和文化的洗禮而流傳下來”。
【小題2】第⑤段中“永恒的主題”指的是什么?
【小題3】結(jié)合全文,談?wù)勀銓ψ詈笠欢蔚睦斫狻?br />【小題4】請結(jié)合《簡?愛》或《水滸傳》的內(nèi)容,位第③段或第④段增加一個事實論據(jù)。
第(    )段:                                                        

【小題1】文字優(yōu)美,故事情節(jié)動人,深刻地剖析了人性。(每個要點1分)
【小題1】集體觀念。
【小題1】因為小說反映了人類在進化過程中所形成的觀念,所以小說是進化的產(chǎn)物;小說能夠增強造福整個社會的行為,同時警示人們不要上當(dāng)受騙,促進人性的良性發(fā)展,從而影響人類社會未來的進化。
【小題1】略。解析:

【小題1】每個要點1分
【小題1】或者:人性的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),如有責(zé)任心、教養(yǎng)、愛心等。
【小題1】
【小題1】(《簡?愛》《水滸傳》分別對應(yīng)第③④段,1分;符合名著內(nèi)容,2分;從正反兩方面準確論述,2分。)
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